Introduction to Criminology and Crime Causation Theories

Criminology

Study of crime as a social phenomenon.

Criminology

It includes within its scope the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and the reaction towards the breaking of laws (

Rafaelle Garofalo

Coined the term criminology in Italian.

Paul Topinard

First used criminology in French.

Applied Science

Criminology uses established principles in practice.

Social Science

Studies crime's impact on society.

Dynamic Nature

Criminology adapts to changing societal conditions.

Interdisciplinary

Involves multiple fields like sociology and psychology.

Nationalistic

Considers country-specific laws and cultural norms.

Criminal Etiology

Studies causes and theories of crime.

Sociology of Laws

Analyzes conditions for developing criminal laws.

Penology

Analyzes correctional methods and rehabilitation.

Criminal Demography

Studies criminality in relation to population.

Criminal Epidemiology

Studies crime's spatial distribution in communities.

Criminal Ecology

Examines environment's relationship with criminality.

Criminal Anthropology

Studies physical constitution's relation to crime.

Criminal Psychology

Analyzes human behavior related to criminality.

Criminal Psychiatry

Studies mental disorders in relation to crime.

Victimology

Studies victim's role in crime commission.

Science

Systematic knowledge or practice.

Art

Use of skill and imagination in creation.

George Wilker

Argued criminology lacks universal validity.

Edwin H. Sutherland

Believed criminology could become a science.

Human Behavior

Manner of reacting to the environment.

Criminal Behavior

Intentional violation of criminal code.

Deviant Behavior

Behavior deviating from societal norms.

Classical School

Focuses on crime, not the criminal.

Retributive Punishment

Punishment proportional to the crime's severity.

Rational Choice

Assumes individuals weigh pleasure against pain.

Free Will

Belief that individuals can choose actions.

Cesare Beccaria

Italian philosopher advocating for rational punishment.

Hedonism

Human actions motivated by pleasure pursuit.

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher known for Utilitarianism and social control.

Utilitarianism

Greatest happiness for the greatest number principle.

Neo-Classical School

Modifies Classical School, excludes children from punishment.

Positivist School

Views crime as a social phenomenon.

Cesare Lombroso

Father of criminology, linked crime to biology.

Born Criminals

Individuals with atavistic characteristics indicating criminality.

Insane Criminals

Criminals with anatomical and biological abnormalities.

Criminals by Passion

Criminals driven by emotional forces.

Occasional Criminals

Commit crimes opportunistically, possess innate traits.

Criminaloid

Normal individuals swayed to commit crimes.

Epileptoid

Criminals suffering from epilepsy.

Habitual Criminal

Normal individuals developing lifelong criminal habits.

Pseudocriminal

Normal individuals committing crimes under pressure.

Enrico Ferri

Lombroso's student, focused on crime prevention.

Raffaele Garofalo

Studied psychological roots of criminal behavior.

Natural Crimes

Crimes existing across all human societies.

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology, developed Positivism philosophy.

William Sheldon

Created somatotyping, linking body types to behavior.

Ectomorph

CEREBROTONIC
Thin body type, introverted and sensitive temperament.

Endomorph

VISCEROTONIC
Round body type, relaxed and extroverted temperament.

Mesomorph

SOMOTONIC
Muscular body type, more prone to aggression.

Cartographic School

Studies crime distribution based on geography.

Socialist School

Links crime rates to economic conditions.

Psychiatric School

Focuses on emotional disturbances causing crime.

Chicago School

Identified urban zones influencing crime rates.

Sigmund Freud

Pioneer of psychoanalysis; developed personality theory.

ID

Instincts and basic drives in personality.

Ego

Balances ID and superego in personality.

Superego

Moral conscience in personality structure.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Links criminal behavior to conscience imbalance.

Alexander and Staub

Emphasized family's role in personality development.

Ellis and Smith

Noted aggressive behavior in female offenders pre-menstruation.

Socio-Social School

Crimes result from social factors like poverty.

Edwin Sutherland

Dean of Modern Criminology; Differential Association Theory.

Emile Durkheim

Proponent of Anomie theory; normlessness leads to deviance.

Gabriel Tarde

Imitation-Suggestion Theory; delinquency learned through copying.

Thorsten Sellin

Conflict of Culture theory; incompatible cultures cause disorganization.

Alphonse Bertillon

Developed Anthropometry for criminal identification.

Willem Adrian Bonger

Linked crime to economic and social conditions.

Adolph Quetelet

Used statistics to analyze crime and sociological factors.

Charles Goring

Studied convicts; linked crime to defective intelligence.

Albert Cohen

Developed Subculture and Delinquency theories.

Erving Goffman

Advocated Labeling Theory; interactions influence criminal behavior.

Howard Becker

Co-developed Labeling Theory; meaning of interactions matters.

Charles Darwin

Proposed that humans exhibit animalistic behaviors.

Single Cause Theory

Crime results from one specific factor.

Criminology

body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals, and the efforts of the society in suppressing and preventing them.

school of thought

specific way of thinking or a group of people who share common opinion.

Pyknic Type-

round and fat bodies. They tend to commit fraud and deception.

Athletic Type

muscular body. Usually commit crimes of violence.

Asthenic Type-

skinny and slender individual. Their crimes are petty theft.

Dysplastic or Mixed Type-

unclear predominant type. Their offenses are against decency and morality.

Multiple Factor Theory

Crime arises from several contributing factors.

Electric Theory

Crime caused by varying factors in different contexts.

Juke Family Tree

Study linking family lineage to criminal behavior.

Kalikak Family

Study revealing feeble-mindedness in descendants.

Sir Jonathan Edwards

Family lineage showed no criminal behavior.

Physiognomy

Study of facial features related to criminality.

Phrenology

Study of skull shape linked to behavior.

Mental Deficiency

Arrested mental development before age eighteen.

Psychosis

Severe disorder; loss of contact with reality.

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions without external stimuli.

Delusions

False beliefs held despite contradictory evidence.

Persecutory Delusions

Belief that others intend to cause harm.

Grandiose Delusions

Belief in possessing extraordinary powers or abilities.

Primary Delusions

Sudden delusions not explained by normal processes.

Secondary Delusions

Delusions influenced by personal background or situation.

Schizophrenia

Mental disorder with distorted reality perception.