APUSH Period 1 (1491-1607)

Three Sisters

Staple crops (corn, beans, and squash) favored by many native tribes in North America. Their collective name references their interdependence

Great League of Peace

AKA Haudenosaunee. A political confederation of five (later six) Iroquois tribes, which sought to coordinate collective action. Each tribe maintained its own political system and religious beliefs. Formed around 1450.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer and colonizer. While attempting to prove a westward sea route for East Asian trade existed, he stumbled across the Bahamas in October 1492. The first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer and cartographer. His 1499–1502 trip along the South American coast determined that the New World was a distinct continent from Asia.

Columbian Exchange

Transmission and interchange of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, human populations (including slaves), and technologies between the New World and the Old World

Jacques Cartier

French explorer. Cultivated a fur trade with American Indians. Dubbed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and its surroundings as “the Country of Canada’s,”

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer. Known as the “The Father of New France.” Founded Quebec in 1608. Made the first accurate maps of what is modern-day Eastern Canada

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, it decided how Christopher Columbus’s discoveries of the New World would be divided.

Portugal: Africa and Brazil Spain: Western Hemisphere

Spanish Requirement of 1513

Spain asserted its divine right to conquer the New World, stating that its main concern was to rescue the natives from hedonism

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

Spanish explorer/conquistador. In 1513, he led the first overland expedition by Europeans to reach the Pacific, specifically crossing the Isthmus of Panama

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer and conquistador. Led the first European expedition to Florida in 1513, an area which he named. Commonly said to have been hunting for the Fountain of Youth

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer. From 1519 to 1522, he led a Spanish expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the Earth. Magellan died in battle in the Philippines in 1521

Hernan Cortes

A Spanish conquistador whose expedition conquered the Aztec Empire and brought large swaths of modern-day Mexico under Spanish authority. Intentionally destroyed his own ships in order to force his men not to abandon their campaign

Conquistadores

General term for soldiers ande xplorers of SPanish and Portuguese Empires from the 16th to 18th centuries

Encomienda

A legal system established by the Spanish crown. Conquistadores were given a set number of American Indians from whom they would extract tribute while instructing in the Roman Catholic faith.

Form of slavery

Repartimiento

Replaced the encomienda system. American Indians living in native villages were legally free. Legally ends indigenous slavery; natives were allowed land, received pay for labor, and could not be bought and sold. still abused by Spanish authorities and working conditions still brutal

Juan de Oñate

conquistador born in New Spain (modern-day Mexico). Established the first permanent colonial settlement in what is the modern-day American Southwest. Infamous for the 1599 Acoma Massacre, which saw over 800 American Indians killed. Later recalled to Spain and convicted for cruelty toward natives and colonists alike

Sir Walter Raleigh

English. Granted permission by Queen Elizabeth I to explore and colonize the New World in exchange for one-fifth of all the gold and silver this venture obtained. Founded Roanoke.

Roanoke

First attempted English colony in the New World. Founded in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. By 1590, its inhabitants had vanished for reasons that still remain unknown.

VIrginia Company

The collective name for two joint stock companies (London and Plymouth) that had identical charters and different territorial claims. Chartered in 1606 by King James I to settle the North American eastern coastline.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage

Catholicism

Believe bible alone isn’t enough to be saved, need to have certain rites and traditions

Anglicanism

English Protestants, broke away in 16th Century

Protestants

not Catholic

Charters

Document used by Parliament to grant exclusive rights and privileges, required for legal sanction of a royal colony