The Mind (Memory) - HOSA Behavioral Health

Memory

The ability to retain knowledge

3 Steps of Memory

1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

Atkinson-Shiffrin Memory Model (stages)

1. Sensory Memory (very brief)

2. Short-Term Memory (improved through rehearsal and chunking)

   1. Working Memory (for information that is actively being manipulated)

3. Long-Term Memory

Working Memory Model

Phonological loop → auditory and verbal information

Episodic buffer → area to combine past information that has already been encoded into long-term memory

Visuospatial sketchpad → visual and spacial information

Primacy Effect

Better recall of the first items in a list

Recency Effect

Better recall of the last items in a list

Declarative Memory

Consciously retrieved memory, easy to verbalize, also known as explicit memory

Semantic Memory

Type of declarative memory that is general knowledge.

Ex: What is a sandwich?

Episodic Memory

Type of declarative memory that is a personal experience

Ex. a vacation

Autobiographical Memory

An episodic or semantic memory that is in reference to the self

Nondeclarative Memory

Unconsciously/effortlessly retrieved, difficult to verbalize, can arise from conditioning, procedural learning and priming.

Procedural Memory

A nondeclarative memory for how to carry out a skilled movement

Priming

A change in a response to a stimulus that occurs as a result of exposure to another stimulus

What happens when someone damages their hippocampus?

They retain old memories but lose the ability to form new ones.

Spreading Activation Model

Theory suggesting that people organize general knowledge based off of experience → concepts differ in strength of their connections

Encoding Specificity

A process in which memories incorporate unique combinations when encoded → environment is incorporated into the memory

Reconstruction

Rebuilding a memory out of stored elements → we retain the general idea and rebuild around it

Flashbulb Memory

A particularly detailed account of an emotional event

Interference

Competition between newer and older information in memory

Retroactive → reduced memory due to later learning

Proactive → reduced memory due to earlier learning

Motivated Forgetting

Failure to retrieve negative memories

Long Term Potentiation

Enhanced communication between 2 neurons resulting from synchronous activation

The translation of incoming sensory information into neuron signals is called…

Transduction