Practical 2

What are vasa vasorum

Vessels of Vessels

Are cardiac muscle branched

Yes

What do intercalated disks consist of

Gap junctions and desmosomes

How many nuclei and mitoch. in a heart cell

1 nuclei and many mitochondria

Heart electrical conduction order

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

What are desmosomes job

responsible for maintaining integrity of tissues, prevent ripping during relaxation

What are heart cells called

Myocytes

What are vena comitantes

Paired veins that accompany an artery, typically in the limbs. They lie on either side of the artery and run together within the same connective tissue sheath. Their close relationship helps facilitate venous return by using the pulsations of the artery to assist blood flow. Commonly found with smaller arteries, especially in the forearms and legs.

What are the 3 types of capillaries

Continuous = tight

Fenestrated = “windows”

Sinusoidal = large open spaces

Whats the space inside a vein or artery

Lumen

3 wall layers of arteries or veins

tunica intima, media, and externa

muscle layer between intima and media

internal elastic lamina

muscle layer between media and externa

external elastic lamina

What direction do veins point

Toward the heart

Moderator band

Septomarginal trabecula

Muscular band in the right ventricle

Runs from interventricular septum → anterior papillary muscle

Carries part of the right bundle branch (conduction system)

Helps coordinate ventricular contraction

Fossa ovalis

Depression in the interatrial septum (right atrium)

Remnant of the foramen ovale (fetal circulation)

Function in fetus: allows blood to flow right atrium → left atrium (bypasses lungs)

Closes after birth when pressure in the left atrium increases

Pectinate muscles

Comb-like muscular ridges in the atria

Prominent in the right atrium and auricles (atrial appendages)

Help increase force of contraction without greatly increasing mass

Located anterior to the crista terminalis in the right atrium

Anastomosis

a connection between two blood vessels, Can be between arteries, veins, or both, Provides alternate pathways for blood flow (collateral circulation)

Superarenal vein 

Drains blood from the adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Right suprarenal vein → inferior vena cava

Left suprarenal vein → left renal vein

Important asymmetry between right and left sides

Is there a great saphenous artery?

no

What vessels supply the myocardium?

Coronary arteries

Arise from the Ascending aorta (just above the aortic valve)

• Two main arteries:

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium (heart muscle)

Which vessels join to form the IVC

Formed by the union of the Right common iliac vein and Left common iliac vein

Peyer's patches

intestinal lymph node

What does blind end mean referring to the lymphatic system

Cut off, closed, single direction

What does the lymphatic system do?

Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream (fluid balance)

Absorbs dietary fats from the intestines

Provides immune defense against pathogens

Includes vessels, lymph, and organs like the Lymph nodes, Spleen, and Thymus

Is hydrostatic pressure flow in or out

Out

Is oncotic pressure flow in or out

In

What is the flow of lymph

capillary, vessel, trunks, ducts