Elizabethan exploration and colonisation

Why did people explore?

Trade, voyages of discovery, better ship design, triangular slave trade, getting wealth and status and adventure

How did trade increase exploration

The war against Spain and trouble in Netherlands meant they needed new people to trade to and with the collapse of the woollen cloth trade they needed new things to trade

How did voyages of discovery increase exploration

As they were financed by Queen or Nobles they would have a high chance of resulting in treasure or money. It was very popular among wealthy

what changes where made to ships to increase exploration

Bigger sails added - ships faster, fire power increased and stability improved made sailing more safe so people traveled more

What two instruments were made to improve sailing

Quadrants and astrolabes

What did a quadrant do

Celestial navigation

What did an astrolabe do

Calculate latitude

how did the triangular increase exploration

It had a huge profit

What was the triangular slave trade

Send good to Africa in exchange for slaves - taken to America and Caribbean and sold/traded for cargo ( rum and sugar ). Pioneered by John Hawkin

Who was Francis Drake?

He was a privateer (authorised mercenary - armed person legally allowed to capture merchant shipping)

When did FD circumnavigate the word?

1577-1580

What was FD plan?

Sail across the pacific and attack Spanish mercenaries

When did FD leave and who with

1577 with 5 ships and 164 sailors

What did FD do on the way to the pacific

Captured Spanish and Portuguese ship, and kidnapped and a Portuguese navigator

Where did FD arrive after 63 days

Brazil

What problems did FD face at the pacific

52 days of hurricane, lost a ship, the Elizabeth turned around

What did FD hope to do at Mocha island

Hoped to barter for supplies however natives thought he was Spanish and attacked

What was the Spanish ship FD attacked called

Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion

Why did FD head north

If he headed back he would be attacked by Spanish so he headed north in hope to find the north passage

What did FD call California

Nova Albanian (New England)

What difficulty did FD have after leaving the Maluku island

Hit a reef and got stuck

when did FD reach Plymouth

26th September

How was FD rewarded by the Queen

Knighted on his ship (The Golden Hind)

Who was Walter Raleigh?

An explorer funded by Queen E in 1584 to establish colonies in North America

Why was NA a good place to establish a colony

Virginia was a good place to attack Spains new world colonies in Caribbean + Florida

Would give Native Americans alternative to Spanish Rule

Successful colony would encourage more english colony’s

How many voyages did WR plan

Two

How did Raleigh persuade people to invest in the project?

Got royal backing

Appointed leaders and a governed

1584 expedition brought back 2 native Americans that learnt English

Invested a lot of his own money

Sent fact finding mission that said there was lots of money to be made + kind natives

Promised to capture any Spanish ships and hoard goods

How else did Raleigh think he could make money

Barter with natives

Provide work for cloth makers and merchants that would supply the colony

Gold and tobacco produced would be sent back and sold

How many colonists where there?

107

Who where the leaders of the colony?

Richard Grenville -expedition commander, experienced soldier

Ralph Lane - Governor of Virginia, expert fort builder

Thomas Harriott - translator and cartographer, understood native language

When did WR set off

9 April 1585, this was a problem as it was too late to plant crops to see them through winter

What ships did WR use?

Tiger, Roebuck, Lion, Dorothy and Elizabeth

Where and when did they land and settle

Landed in Roanoke Island late 1585

How was the colony an economic benefit for England

Trade was difficult with Spain it was hoped Virginia would give England a new market

Valuable crop like tobacco and sugar could be grown

Mediterranean good like fruits and spices could also be grown in Virginia

How did problems with the voyage lead to colonisation failing

Left to late to reach Virginia in time to plant crops

Most gunpowder on the voyage

Tiger had a hole in it ruining seeds and food

How did problems with colonists lead to colonisation failing

Lack of materials for craftsmen

Merchants were not prepared to do hard labour

Farmers did not want to do labour for other people + wanted their own land

Colonist were sick

Soldiers could not farm land

English fishing techniques did not work

Soldiers badly behaved

How did Native American resistance lead to failure of colonisation

Colonist were dependent on natives for food

Clashes between natives and colonists

Native chief Wingina grew tired of English need for food

Natives thought English had a power to kill them without touching them