SLHS 3410 Final

what are the anatomy systems?

respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal

what is the function of the respiratory system?

supplies breath

what are the percentages of quiet breath?

40% inhale

60% exhale

- neutral tongue

- neutral diaphragm

what are the percentages of speech breathing?

10% inhale

90% exhale

- loud breath: more use of intercostals

- inappropriate breath: too little air, improper articulator position

what is the function of the laryngeal system?

voicing & phonation (vf vibration)

what makes up the larynx?

hyoid bone

epiglottis

trachea

thyroid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

what the elements of phonation?

fundamental frequency (rate of vibration)

hertz (# vibrations/sec)

pitch (subjective, low pitch = low ff)

prosody (unique pattern of speech sounds)

what are the primary parts of the laryngeal system?

thyroarytenoid (vf body)

lateral cricoarytenoid (close vf)

posterior cricoarytenoid (open vf)

interarytenoid & cricothyroid (adjust tension)

what are the supplemental parts of the laryngeal system?

extrinsic laryngeal

- supra hyoid (pull up larynx, connect neck/tongue/floor)

- sub hyoid (pull down larynx, connect to lung)

what is the function of the supralaryngeal system?

makes individual phonemes, contains pharyngeal, nasal & oral cavities

what dictates articulation & resonance?

vocal tract, surpalaryngeal & articulators

what makes up the frame of the supralaryngeal system?

mandible, maxillae, pharynx (oral, nasal, laryngeal), nasal cavity

what are the 3 cavities of the supralaryngeal system?

pharyngeal, oral & nasal

what are the primary muscles of the supralaryngeal system?

floor of mouth, tongue (extend to velum/hyoid), lips (labial, many inserts), jaw (elevate/depress mandible), pharyngeal (set dimension), velar (raise/lower velum/uvula)

what are the articulators of the supralaryngeal system?

mandible

tongue

- apex: tip

- blade: surface below alveolar ridge

- dorm: behind blade, below posterior hard palate

- root: back of pharynx, front of epiglottis

uvula (separates oral & nasal cavities)

phonetics

study of sound production/perception

phonology

sound organization

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

grapheme

letters used to spell words

allographs

letters/patterns that create the same sound

allophone

different pronunciation of given sound

digraph

2 same or 2 different letters that make same sound

diacritic

symbol that shows specific way of pronunciation

suprasegmental

symbol used to show stress, prosody & intonation

what is prosody?

pattern of sound system

what is intonation?

pitch

what are the 4 types of transcription?

broad, narrow, systematic, impressionistic

broad transcription

no allophonic variation, //

narrow transcription

diacritics, [ ]

systematic transcription

thorough knowledge needed

impressionistic transcription

when the system is unknown or severe delay

what are the vowel characteristics?

tongue height & advancement, rounding, tense/lax

what are the primary vowel characteristics?

tongue height & advancement

what are the secondary vowel characteristics?

rounding, tense/lax

what are the consonant characteristics?

manner, place, voicing

what are the elements of a syllable tree?

onset, rime, nucleus, coda

what is the onset?

consonants before vowel

what is the rime?

letters that follow the onset

what is the nucleus?

typically vowels

what is the coda?

consonant clusters after vowel, can be none

T/F: vowels have a continuous airflow?

true

what are the two assimilatory processes?

assimilation & coarticulation

assimilation

when a phoneme takes phonetic shape of another

progressive assimilation

something earlier changes something later

regressive assimilation

something later changes something earlier

coarticulation

phonemes overlap to keep up with speech rate

what are the two non-assimilatory processes?

change in phonetic shape & change in phonemic process

what can change phonetic shape?

omission

transposition

addition

reduction

what can change phonemic processes?

epenthesis

elision

metathesis

hapology

vowel reduction

epenthesis

addition of a phoneme

elision

deletion of a phoneme

metathesis

switching the order of phonemes

hapology

deletion of a syllable

vowel reduction

usually to schwa

what are the three suprasegmentals?

stress, intonation, tempo

contrastive stress

use of sentence stress to convey meaning

when does intonation usually occur?

during applied stress

intonational phrase

part of a sentence that changes in fundamental frequency as a speaker uses intonation to convey meaning

tonic syllable

syllable with greatest pitch change

tonic accent

emphasis on tonic syllable (usually final syllable)

rising intonation

lists, final syllable in questions

falling intonation

final syllable in commands/statements, neutral

what is tempo?

duration

what has the longest duration?

diphthongs

what has shortest durations?

stops

what has a longer tempo? stress or unstressed?

stressed

what has a longer tempo: open or closed vowels?

open vowels

pause

hesitation, breath, emphasis, new thought

juncture

how syllables link

external juncture

pause connecting 2 intonational phrases

open internal junctures

pause in intonational phrase

closed internal junctures

no pause between syllable and intonational phrase

stops

bock air behind point of constriction

fricatives

air forced through narrow constriction

affricates

stop + fricative

tip of tongue stops with alveolar ridge & release of air behind tongue

nasals

all voiced

lowered & open velum

let air through nasal cavity & block from oral cavity

semi vowels

glides (w, j)

liquids (l, r)

what are the syllable structure processes?

weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, reduplication, cluster reduction

weak syllable deletion

4 years

deletion of syllable

final consonant deletion

3 yrs, 6 months

deletion of last syllable

reduplication

2 yrs, 6 months

total: repeat entire syllable

partial: repeat consonant or vowel

cluster reduction

4-5yrs

deletion of 1 or more consonants in a cluster

what are the substitution processes?

stopping, fronting, deaffrication, gliding, vocalization

stopping

4-5 yrs

replace fricative/affricate with a stop

fronting

2 yrs, 6 months - 3 yrs

replace velar/palatal with alveolar

deaffrication

4 years

replace affricate with fricative

gliding

2-5 years

replace liquid with glide

vocalization

replace r, l with schwa

what are the assimilatory processes of speech sound development?

labial, alveolar, velar, voicing

- changed to have certain place of articulation due to other phoneme

- 3 years

- atypical

prevocalic voicing

unvoiced -> voiced

devoicing

voiced -> unvoiced

natural phonology

child is born with necessary skills used to produce speech

phonological processes

simple adult patterns children use in speech

articulation test

identifies what phonemes a child says right from a set of words

spontaneous speech sample

natural conversation

articulation disorder

difficulty with the motor production aspects of speech or an inability to produce certain speech sounds

phonological disorder

difficulty with rules and order of phonemes in sound system of a language

what information can be gathered regarding nonlinear phonology?

- word shape

- inventory: VC combo, all V's & C's used, stress patterns, syllable shape

what are the devoicing environments?

- semi-vowel follows voiceless consonant

- /d/, /t/ are intervocalic

- word boundaries

- word ends in voiceless fricative/affricate followed by silence

- word ends with voiced fricative followed by word starting with voiceless consonant

- cleft palate