Chapter 6

Microscope

Visualize cells too small to see with naked eye

Cell fractionation

Cells are taken apart separate the major organelles from one another

Prokaryotic Cells

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Eukaryotic

characterized by having a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles

Plasma membrane

Selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the cell

Organelles

Subcellular structure that has one or more jobs in a cell

Nucleus

contains DNA

Ribosomes

Use information from DNA to make proteins

Nuclear Envelope

Encloses nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

What is the function of ribosomes

Carry out protein synthesis in two locations:

Cytosol (free ribsomes)

Outside of Rough ER

Smooth ER

Lacks ribsomes;

Synethsizes lipids and metapolizes carbs.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Golgi apparatus

Consists of flattened membranous sacs

Cisternae

flattened sac-like structures that play a crucial role in protein processing

Lysosome

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes; hydrolyze proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

Contractile vacuole

Pumps out excess water out of cells

Central vacuoles

Hold organic compounds and water

Vesicle

membrane-bound sacs with varied functions

Vesicle functions:

Moving material between ER and Golgi + moving cisternae of the golgi

Endocytosis

Delivering things into cell from the extracellular environment in a process known as endocytosis

Exocytosis

Excreted such as waste and hormones to the exterior of the cell

Cytosol

Free ribsomes

Cellular Process

1: mRNA synthesized

2: Ribosome translation synthesizes protein

3: Protein enters ER for mods.

4: Protein is folded to secondary protein structure

5: Protein folded for tertiary and quaternary protein

6: Protein enters into vesicle

7: Protein enters into the cis Golgi for mods

8: Protein transported in vesicle between cisternae

9: Protein leaves Golgi in vesicle

10: Vesicle contains protein fuses with plasma membrane, protein leaves cell

Cis Face

side facing the nucleus

Trans face

Faces away from nucleus