Globalisation - A level Geography

What is globalisation?

The process by which people, their cultures, money, goods and information can be transferred between countries with few or no barrirers

What does interconnected mean?

Global flows link places

What does interdependency mean?

Two places become over-reliant on financial/political connections with one another e.g. remittances

What does 'Westernisation' mean?

The promotion of European and North American cutural values

How does capital flow between countries?

Stock markets, Businesses buying and selling money to make profits

How do commodities flow between countries?

TNCs attracted to countries with low wages and production costs causes more manufactured goods e.g. China

How does information flow between countries?

Internet and social media, Information stored in server farms e.g. Sweden

How do tourists flow between countries?

Airplane for holidays e.g. EasyJet or AirAsia

How do migrants flow between countries?

Migrants can be encouraged to move to work in another country e.g. Qatar

What are the 3 ways globalisation has changed?

Lengthening connections, Deepening connections, Faster connections

What has driven these changes to globalisation?

Cheaper/Easier travel, Technology

What is the global connection like for LICs?

Poor people still isolated, Links via cash crops, NGO projects, Aid donations e.g. Malawi or Sudan

What is the global connection like for MICs?

Poor people may work for foreign TNCs, Cultural links, Political awareness, e.g. Brazil, India, China

What is the global connection like for HICs?

Most people are consumers of global culture and products, overseas travel, e.g. UK, USA, Japan

What is time-space compression?

The change in perception of time, distance and barriers to the movement of money, people, goods and information caused by being connected

What accelerated the rate of globalisation in the 19th century?

Railways, telegraphs, Steamships

What accelerated the rate of globalisation in the 20th century?

Jet aircraft, Containerisation

What accelerates the rate of globalisation in the 21st century?

ICT and mobile communication

What is leap-frogging?

Developing countries skip out-dated technology

Name an example of leapfrogging

Kenya and electronic banking instead of bank cards

What is China's open door policy?

Allowing FDI in the country

Name examples of China blocking global flows

Information, 34 foreign films per year, Facebook and Google banned

Name an example of a free trade bloc

EU, NAFTA, ASEAN

Why does removing trade barriers increase globalisation?

Increases market for TNCs

What is the main aim of the WTO?

Removal of tariffs to increase economic growth

What is the main aim of the IMF?

Encourage developing countries to accept FDI and free trade

What is the disadvantage to the IMF's strategy?

The western model works in the interests of developed countries and TNCs

What is the main aim of the World Bank?

Lend money to developing countries to reduce poverty and increase development

What is the disadvantage to the World Bank's strategy?

Focuses on economic development and not social development

What does FDI stand for?

foreign direct investment

What is neoliberalism?

Removing the influence of the state in the economy and allow the markets to at more freely

What is privatisation?

State owned businesses and infrastructure is sold to private TNCs

What does SEZ stand for?

Special Economic Zones

What is an SEZ?

An area which is tariff and quota free, lower taxes, newer infrastructure

What does the KOF index measure?

Economic, social and political globalisation

What does the AT Kearney index measure?

The economic success of global cities e.g. London

Why are some areas "switched off"?

Politics, Enviroment, Economy

Name an example of a "switched off" place

North Korea, Sahel region, Nepal

What is global shift?

The movement of economic activity from more developed countries to newly industrialising countries, and more recently to less developed countries.

What are the benefits of global shift for host countries?

Improved infrastructure, More employment, New skills for workers, More money for governments (taxes), Services increase for population

What are the costs of global shift for host countries?

Poor governance leads to poor investments, Urban sprawl (rapid urbanisation), Natural resources too exploited, Sweatshops, Loss of local traditions, Environmental issues

What are the benefits of global shift for the source countries?

Restructuring of industry, Less industrial pollution, Investment in skills and training, Declining population in city regions = less pressure on services

What are the costs of global shift for the source countries?

Deindustrialisation causes loss of jobs, Dereliction, Poverty levels increase, Urban unrest increase

Why has global shift slowed recently?

Pandemic, Financial crashes, Globalisation opposition, Reduction in manufacturing in China

What are social challenges of urban growth?

Informal housing, Rising poverty and high unemployment, Lack of taxes due to informal work, Poor health

What are environmental challenges of urban growth?

Deforestation for land, Air pollution, Water pollution, Shortages of key resources

What are the benefits of migration for the source country?

Remittances, Cultural values, Political values

What are the costs of migration for the source country?

Loss of skilled workers, Split families, Population imbalance

What are the benefits of migration for the host country?

Fills employment gap, Increases youth population (taxes), Creates a multicultural society

What are the costs of migration for the host country?

Cultural tensions, Increases demand on social housin and services

What is cultural diffusion?

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another

What is cultural erosion?

The loss of distinctive cultural features

How is development measured?

GNP per capita, Economic sector balance, HDI

What is used to measure inequality?

Gini coefficient

What does sustainability mean?

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future

What are the tensions caused by Globalisation?

Territory disputes (Asia), Backlash against immigration (brexit), Exploitation by TNCs, Right wing extremist groups gaining popularity (USA)

How can the spread of globalisation be controlled?

Laws on numbers of economic migrants, Censorship (North Korea), Protectionism (USA), Resource nationalism (oil in Venezuela)

What is localism?

Food and goods should be made locally rather than globally

How has globalisation impacted sustainability?

Increase in supply in natural resources causes environmental stresses, waste is transported to recycling sites (UK to China), Transport produces greenhouse gases