Race Gender and Sexuality Test #2

Gender

Physical body

gender assigned at birth, what body parts are on the physical body.

Gender Identity

cisgender, transgender, non-binary/non-conforming/agender/gender fluid/gender queer

identity vs orientation

Not the same thing. identity is how the person identifies themself/their gender. Orientation is who the person is attracted to

gender expression

The way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior

gender roles

the role or behavior considered to be appropriate to a particular gender as determined by prevailing cultural norms. masculinity and femininity

masculinity

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of men or boys

Femininity

qualities or attributes regarded as characteristic of women or girls

universal male

idk yet

Male-identified

Johnson’s concept that the patriarchy is male-identified meaning society defines cultural ideas about what is valuable or preferable as male or masculine.

Hegemonic masculinity vs patriarchy

interconnected concepts that describe how male dominance is maintained in society

Hegemonic masculinity

the culturally dominant form of masculinity that legitimizes men's social dominance and establishes a hierarchy among men and over women.

patriarchy

A social system in which men hold primary power, and authority is typically passed down through male lineage. Dictates gender roles and norms, often positioning men as the standard and women as "other."

Models of gender roles and well-being

Congruence, androgyny, masculinity

Congruence model

posits that psychological well-being is best achieved when one's sex-role orientation aligns with one's gender, suggesting that individuals should adopt gender-typical behaviors and traits.

Androgyny model

suggests that well-being is maximized when one's sex-role orientation incorporates a high degree of both masculinity and femininity, regardless of one's gender.

masculinity model

posits that well-being is a function of the extent to which one has a masculine sex-role orientation. These models have been tested through meta-analyses, with the masculinity model showing the strongest relationship to both high adjustment and lack of depression.

Devor Stages of gender identity development

Abiding Anxiety, Identity Confusion, Identity Comparisons, Discovery, Identity Confusion, Identity Comparisons, Tolerance, Delay, Acceptance, Delay, Transition, Acceptance, Integration, Pride

Abiding Anxiety

Unfocussed gender and sex discomfort. Preference for other gender activities and companionship.

Identity Confusion

First doubts about suitability of originally assigned gender and sex. Reactive gender and sex conforming activities.

Identity Comparisons

Seeking and weighing alternative gender identities. Experimenting with alternative gender consistent identities.

Discovery of Transgenderism

Learning that transgenderism exists. Accidental contact with information about transgenderism

Identity Confusion

First doubts about the authenticity of own transgenderism. Seeking more information about transgenderism.

Identity Comparisons

Testing transsexual or transgender identity using transsexual or transgender reference group. Start to disindentify with originally assigned sex and gender. Start to identify as transsexed or transgender.

Tolerance of Transsexual or Transgender Identity

Identify as probably transsexual or transgender. Increasingly disidentify as originally assigned gender and sex.

Delay Before Acceptance of Transsexual or Transgender Identity

Waiting for changed circumstances. Looking for confirmation of transsexual or transgender identity. Seeking more information about transsexualism or transgenderism. Reality testing in intimate relationships and against further information about transsexualism or transgenderism.

Acceptance of Transsexual or Transgender Identity

Transsexual or transgender identity established. Tell others about transsexual or transgender identity.

Delay Before Transition

Transsexual identity deepens. Final disidentity as original gender and sex. Anticipatory socialization. Learning how to do transition. Saving money. Organizing support systems.

Transition

Changing genders and sexes. Gender and sex reassignments.

Acceptance of Post-Transition Gender and Sex Identities

Post-transition identity established. Successful post-transition living.

integration

Transsexuality mostly invisible. Stigma management. Identity integration.

pride

Openly transsexed. Transsexual advocacy.

Barriers to women’s leadership

Confidence, double-bind (no-win scenario), mentors and pipeline, ambivalence about power, fear of conflict

Political self-efficacy

There is a gender gap in this that is a persistent issue across Western democracies, with women often having less confidence in their skills to influence the political realm than men

Gender-role congruity

A theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman.

“gender-role spillover”

In occupations with few women, men's traditional gender roles spill over into the workplace and influence their interactions with female coworkers.

Agentic Traits

Refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently, make choices, and exert control over their environment, rooted in Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. These are self-focused characteristics that enable people to pursue personal goals, take initiative, and regulate their own behavior.

Communal Traits

Reflect a focus on connection, interdependence, and the well-being of others. Individuals high in these traits tend to be helpful, compassionate, empathetic, and cooperative, prioritizing relationships and social harmony over personal gain or dominance

Agentic vs communal traits

Historically, agentic traits have been socially associated with masculinity, and communal traits with femininity. However, psychological research emphasizes that both traits exist across genders, and individuals can exhibit varying degrees of each.

Likability dilemma

Refers to the challenges faced by individuals, particularly women in leadership roles, in balancing competence and likability, often leading to biases that affect their professional advancement.

Latu et al.’s (2015) study of implicit bias

Implicit bias refers to relatively automatic and unconscious mental associations that persist even when explicit stereotypes improve. Authors touch on Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Direct Performance Impairment, Aversive Sexism

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Latu et al.’s study. Male interviewers’ implicit biases indirectly impair female applicants’ performance by leading to lower interviewer evaluations, which in turn lower the applicants' own self-evaluations

Direct Performance Impairment

Latu et al.’s study. Female applicants’ own implicit biases, specifically associating women with incompetence, directly predict lower performance in job interviews.

Aversive Sexism

Latu et al.’s study. The most negative outcomes for women occur when they interact with interviewers who have high implicit but low explicit bias; these "aversive sexists" may send conflicting verbal and nonverbal signals that are taxing for the applicant to resolve.

Evaluation bias

occurs when personal judgments, cognitive shortcuts, or unconscious preferences distort the assessment of performance, programs, or outcomes, leading to unfair or inaccurate evaluations. Often happens to women applying for jobs or overall being evaluated.

female leadership effectiveness

Research indicates that women leaders not only excel in traditional leadership styles but also in nontraditional approaches, such as transformational leadership. They are often evaluated higher in leadership effectiveness across different styles.

Gender-based and intimate partner violence

Refers to abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship, encompassing both current and former partners.

Types of intimate partner violence/gender-based violence

Sexual violence, femicide, human trafficking, genital mutilation, technology-facilitated violence, psychological aggression, stalking, etc

homosocial enactment

Kimmel (1994)

masculinity as homophobia

Kimmel (1994)

3 consequences of rejecting femininity

Kimmel (1994)

The “great feminization”

Cycle of IPV/domestic violence

Barriers to reporting IPV for transgender individuals

The use of passive voice in describing cases of sexual

assault

domestic violence compared to Gender-based and intimate partner violence