AP European History - Unit 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the Industrialization Unit in European History.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major economic change marked by the shift from hand production to machine manufacturing.

Causes of industrialization

Natural resources, capital investment, population growth, technological innovation, and improved transportation.

Second Industrial Revolution

A later phase of industrialization focusing on steel, electricity, chemicals, and oil.

Great Britain

The first country to industrialize.

Germany's rapid industrialization

Government support, strong education systems, and abundant resources after unification.

Bessemer Process

A method for mass-producing steel cheaply.

Impact of railroads on industrialization

Improved transportation, expanded markets, and accelerated industrial growth.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and free markets.

Laissez-faire economics

An economic philosophy favoring minimal government intervention.

Bourgeoisie

The middle and upper-middle class, including factory owners and professionals.

Proletariat

The working class who sold their labor for wages.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Problems faced by industrial workers

Low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and child labor.

Trade unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect labor rights.

Reforms improving working conditions

Factory Acts, child labor laws, and workplace safety regulations.

Robert Owen

A reformer who supported improved working conditions and cooperative communities.

Liberalism

An ideology supporting individual rights, constitutional government, and free markets.

Conservatism

An ideology emphasizing tradition, monarchy, and social stability.

Socialism

An ideology advocating collective ownership to reduce economic inequality.

Marxism

A theory arguing that class struggle would lead to a proletarian revolution.

The Communist Manifesto

Authored by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Anarchism

The belief that all government authority should be abolished.

Government responses to industrialization

Through social welfare programs, labor laws, and public education reforms.

Otto von Bismarck's contributions

Introduced pensions, health insurance, and accident insurance.

Industrialization's contribution to imperialism

Increased demand for raw materials and new markets.