Philippine History and Governance

200 vocabulary flashcards based on key terms and definitions from Philippine history, governance, and agrarian reform.

Barangay

A government unit in the pre-Hispanic period consisting of 30-100 citizens or families.

Sultanate

A form of government or state ruled by a sultan, notably in Southern Mindanao during the 15th century.

Colonization of the Philippines

Refers to the period from 1565 to 1898 when the Philippines was colonized by Spain.

Patronato Real

The system that provided for the union of Church and State in the Philippines.

Encomendero

A Spanish authority during colonization with obligations like tribute and protection of natives.

Governor General

The chief executive during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

Propaganda Movement

The reform movement initiated after the execution of GOMBURZA, advocating for political reforms.

Tejeros Convention

An assembly that elected Emilio Aguinaldo as president of the revolutionary government.

Dictatorial Government

The form of government established during the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.

Treaty of Paris

The agreement that ceded the Philippines from Spain to the U.S. in 1898.

Malolos Republic

The first republic of the Philippines, inaugurated on January 23, 1899.

Military Government

The type of government established by Americans after ceding authority over the Philippines.

Francis Burton Harrison

The U.S. Governor-General known for promoting Filipinization.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

The law providing for Philippine independence from the U.S.

José P. Laurel

The president of the Second Republic of the Philippines.

Commonwealth

The last president of the Commonwealth and first of the Third Republic of the Philippines was Manuel Roxas.

Japanese-Sponsored Second Republic

The transitional government established during the Japanese occupation.

National Assembly

Legislative branch of the Second Republic during the Japanese occupation.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

An agreement for a truce between the revolutionary government and Spain.

Social Justice

Essential to the enjoyment of democracy as per Philippine political context.

Proclamation No. 1081

Document signed by Marcos to proclaim martial law in the Philippines.

1973 Constitution

The constitution that allowed for the postponement of elections under martial law.

PCGG

Agency created to recover ill-gotten wealth during the Marcos administration.

1987 Constitution

The current constitution of the Philippines, emphasizing democracy and social justice.

Democratic

The principle of rule by the people as articulated in the 1987 Constitution.

Martial Law

Declared in September 1972 under Marcos, resulting in significant control over society.

Civil Disobedience

Protests called by opposition leaders during the Marcos regime.

EDSA Revolution

The people power movement that led to the ousting of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986.

Philippine Assembly

The body created under the Organic Act of 1902.

Agrarian Reform

Government programs aimed at improving land tenure and distribution in the Philippines.

Land Reform Code

Created in 1963 (RA 3844) to institutionalize agrarian reform.

Republic Act No. 1400

The Land Reform Act established in 1955 to address land tenure issues.

Agricultural Tenancy Act

Governed relationships between landowners and tenants in the Philippines.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law

The law (RA 6657) enacted in 1988 to implement wider agrarian reform.

Social Unrest

Tenant revolts due to agrarian issues that occurred throughout Philippine history.

IRI-8 Miracle Rice

A variety of rice promoted during Marcos’ regime to increase agricultural productivity.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

Proposed law granting the Philippines independence but rejected by Quezon.

Philippine Organic Act

The act establishing a civil government in the Philippines under American rule.

Civic Association

Liga Filipina founded by Rizal to promote reforms and civic engagement among Filipinos.

Malolos Constitution

The first constitution of the Philippines, adopted in 1898.

Cavite Mutiny

An early uprising against Spanish rule in 1872 that set the stage for later revolts.

GOMBURZA

The martyrdom of priests Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora, igniting a call for reform.

Elpidio Quirino

President known for significant economic projects and addressing post-war recovery.

Carlos P. Garcia

President recognized for the 'Filipino First' policy during his administration.

Ramon Magsaysay

A president celebrated for his populist policies and land reform initiatives.

Fidel V. Ramos

President noted for stability and modernization efforts during the 1990s.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

President who focused on land reform and rural development.

National Land Settlement Administration

Agency established to address resettlement issues for landless farmers post-independence.

Judicial System

Legal framework for handling land disputes, especially during agrarian reforms.

Batasang Pambansa

Legislative body established during the Marcos regime following the 1973 Constitution.

Agrarian Reform Fund

Financial resource established to support agrarian reform initiatives.

Resistance Movement

Various uprisings and organizations formed to oppose colonial and dictatorial rule.

Peace Agreement

Arrangements made to resolve conflicts, such as the Tripoli Agreement with MNLF.

Cory Aquino

First female president of the Philippines, known for restoring democracy after Marcos.

Hukbalahap

A communist-led insurrection that challenged the Philippine government post-World War II.

First Philippine Republic

Short-lived government established by Aguinaldo after the Spanish-American War.

Cultural Heritage Sites

Locations recognized for their historical and cultural significance in the Philippines.

Historical Narratives

Accounts and stories that shape the understanding of the Philippine past.

Royal Audiencia

Supreme court established during the Spanish colonial period.

Frailocracy

Term used to describe the political power held by friars during Spanish rule.

Taxation

A mandatory contribution imposed by the government to raise revenue.

Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration

Agency created to provide financial assistance to small farmers.

Legislative Power

Authority to create laws, including tax laws, vested in the legislature.

Progressive Taxing

Tax system where the rate increases as the taxable amount increases.

Austerity Programs

Measures aimed at reducing government deficits, often through spending cuts.

Filipinization

Process of increasing Filipino participation in government and administration.

Commonwealth Act No. 178

Amended previous tenancy regulations to protect tenant farmers.

Republic Act No. 55

Law aimed at providing safeguards against arbitrary evictions of tenants.

Judicial Independence

Principle ensuring that the judiciary remains separate from other branches of government.

Public Purpose

Justification for taxation ensuring contributions are used for societal benefit.

Territorial Jurisdiction

Limits of government authority to impose taxes within specific geographic areas.

Martial Law Suspension

Period when Philippine laws and civil rights were suspended under Marcos.

Economic Recovery Programs

Plans to revitalize the economy after crises or conflicts.

Community Tax

Local tax imposed on residents without regard to property or occupation.

Social Justice Program

Initiatives focused on equitable distribution of land and resources.

Legislative Assembly

The body through which laws, including agrarian reform and tax laws, are debated.

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act

Legislation to modernize agricultural practices and enhance productivity.

Political Dynasties

Family-based political power that is often targeted for reform in Philippine politics.

Barangay Elections

Local elections that determine leaders at the barangay level in the Philippines.

Agrarian Workers

Individuals engaged in farming, often facing issues of land tenure and rights.

Compulsory Arbitration

Legal process required to resolve conflicts between landlords and tenants.

Pueblo

Town or community under Spanish colonial governance, subdivided into barangays.

Public Utilities

Essential services owned or regulated by the government for public use.

Cultural Education

Programs aimed at promoting awareness and appreciation of Filipino culture.

Historical Education

Teaching of Philippine history to instill national identity and values.

Civic Participation

Engagement of citizens in political processes and community activities.

Rizal's Contributions

Rizal's writings and actions that inspired movements for reform and independence.

Spanish-American War

Conflict that led to the cession of the Philippines from Spain to the U.S.

Filipino Identity

Cultural and national identity developed through struggle and history.

Land Tenure System

Legal and social arrangements governing the ownership and use of land.

Cash Crop Production

Agricultural practices focused on growing crops for sale rather than subsistence.

Philippine Independence Day

A national holiday commemorating the declaration of independence from Spain.

Educational Reform

Changes in the education system to improve literacy and civic consciousness.

Narcotics Control Laws

Legislation aimed at addressing drug-related issues in society.

Constitutional Reforms

Amendments or changes to the constitution addressing governance issues.

Rights of Women

Legal protections and societal initiatives aimed at ensuring gender equality.

Civic Engagement

Active participation in democratic processes and community improvement initiatives.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to assess the constitutionality of legislative acts.

Philippine Bicameral Congress

The legislative body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Freedom from Nuclear Weapons

A policy stance of the Philippine government as per the 1987 Constitution.