Biology Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Overall reaction of photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O --sun--> C6H12O6+6O2

How do the overall reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration compare?

It gives off oxygen and uses carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. It's slightly more complicated but does it without moving parts.

Where does energy for photosynthesis come from?

Sunglight energy

What plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

Explain why chlorophyll appears green to us in terms of what happens to different wavelengths of light that strike a chlorophyll molecule.

It is really absorbing every color except green and reflect green so we can see it. Green has the longest wave length so the least energy, therefore, the plant uses the other colors for energy.

How does the amount of energy in light change as the wavelength changes?

The longer the wavelength, the less energy. The shorter the wavelength, the more energy.

Which colors of light are most effective for photosynthesis? Why?

Purple mainly and Red because it is reflected by the chlorophyll

In what organelle of a plant does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplasts

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light reactions then the Calvin Cycle

In which part of the chloroplast does each stage occur?

Light reactions in the thylokoid. Calvin cycle in the stroma.

What happens to the water molecules in the light reactions?

They're split and oxygen is released while hydrogen and electrons are used.

What photosynthesis waste product is formed in the light reactions?

Oxygen (O2)

What two products of the light reactions are used up in the Calvin Cycle?

NADPH and ATP

What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin Cycle reactions?

Combined with NADPH and ATP to form sugar

How can cells store the sugar that is produced in photosynthesis?

Starch

Label the two stages during photosynthesis...

Thylakoids, granum, stroma, light reactions, calvin cycle, light, H2O, sugar, CO2, NADPH, ATP, NADP+, O2, ADP+P

Label the structure of a leaf...

cuticle, upper epidermis, palisacle mesophyll, air space, lower epidermis, spongy mesophyll, guard cell, stoma, vein

Cuticle

Outermost layer, prevents water loss

Upper Epidermis

outer layers, protects middle cells

Palisacle Mesophyll

Contains chloroplasts

Air Space

Where CO2 and O2 exchange in the plant

Spongy Mesophyll

contains chloroplasts

Guard Cell

opens and closes stoma

Stoma

opening and where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Vein

water and nutrients go up to the leaves and sugar transports to the roots

Stroma

Thick fluid between grana

Thylakoid

site of photosynthesis

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Light hits the chlorophyll and makes what?

NADPH and ATP

What is the basic reaction for Cellular respiration?

C6H12O6+O2 ----> CO2+H2O+ATP+Heat

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

What the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide, water, ATP

Why is ATP needed for the body?

Chemical work, mechanical work, transport work

Three stages of cellular respiration

Glycolosis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Glycolosis

Occurs in cytoplasm; net gain of 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acids and 2 NADH energy carriers will be used in ETC

Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the mitochondria; net gain of 2 ATP and waste product of CO2 and 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 to be used in ETC; the cycle occurs with double because of two previous pyruviac acids

Electron Transport Chain

occurs in the mitochondria; charged electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) release their electrons; net gain of about 34 ATP and waste product of H2O

Total net gain from 1 round of cellular respiration

about 38 ATP

What is different in yeast cells?

If you give them sugar, it'll release CO2 and make alcohol instead of lactic acid

chlorophyll

Pigment inside the palisade and spongy cells that allows the plant to do photosynthesis

Autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms do photosynthesis?

Autotrophic

Purpose of photosynthesis

To produce sugar

What is the purpose of light in photosynthesis?

the light strikes the pigment molecules and chlorophyll; the absorbed light energy excites the electrons and allows the electrons to be passed along the chain further making the nadph and atp; it also splits water molecules

What three things are produced during the light dependent (light) reactions?

Oxygen, NADPH, and ATP

What is the role of water during the light reactions?

Gives hydrogen and electrons for photosystem II

What is produced during the light dependent Calvin cycle reactions?

sugar

Explain how the energy molecules (ATP and NADPH) are recycled?

It goes from light reactions to calvin cycle and back again after its energy is used

In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?

mitochondria

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

provides energy in the form of ATP by converting oxygen and glucose into water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy).

Summarize the purpose of the 3 stages of CR

glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport occur to be most effective for humans through all types of work to create enough ATP

Describe how the energy made during the Krebs cycle is used during electron transport chain

8 NADH and 2 FADH2 facilitates transfer of electrons

How is the oxygen use during electron transport chain

oxygen is the "final electron acceptor." As electrons (usually represented as Hydrogen atoms) are passed down the chain, they lose their energy in the making of ATP. They have such little energy left, they are of no further use, and are donated to an oxygen atom to create a molecule of water.

What two substances go into the mitochondria for cellular respiration to occur and what 3 substances come out?

glucose and oxygen go in

water, 34 ATP, and CO2 comes out

Under what conditions (aerobic or anaerobic) does cellular respiration occur?

Aerobic because it requires oxygen to occur

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work in a cycle. Draw the cycle and label the mitochondria and the chloroplast.

Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule?

terminal bond between second and third phosphate

Cellular respiration

Chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP, the three stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Glycolysis

occurs in the cytoplasm; net gain of 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate acids (2 NADH energy carriers to be used in ETC)

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

occurs in mitochondria; net gain of 1 ATP and waste product of CO2 (8 NADH and 2 FADH2 to be used in ETC)

Light Reactions

energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll converted into stored chemical energy;

Calvin cycle

drive the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide using the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions;

Lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate is turned in lactic acid

Photosystem 2

Occurs 1st; electrons excited, water splits, makes oxygen- moves electrons

Photosystem 1

adds to nadp+ to make NADPH; following photosystem 1, ATP synthesis changes adp to atp

Matrix

Krebs cycle occurs here; inside the mitochondria;

Location of Chlorophyll

thlyakoids

Least effect on photosynthesis

light intensity

After 5 rounds of the Krebs Cycle, how much CO2 would be produced?

15 molecules (3 per round)

What is best absorbed by chlorophyll?

Violet THEN Red

Alcohol fermentation

two pyruvates are broken into two acetaldehyde and give off CO2 molecules; the aldehydes are then converted into two ethanol molecuels

Fermentation

a type of cell respiration that can occur in the absence of oxygen; depends on the organism to proceed in varying ways; only uses glycolysis and doesn't use the mitochondria; through the process of glycolysis sugar is split into two pyruvate molecules; the pyruvate molecules without oxygen are able to turn into lactic acid for example if our muscles aren't able to get enough oxygen; also, the bacteria in yogurt ferments

Yeast in fermintation

if you give yeast cells sugar, it'll release CO2 and make alcohol instead of lactic acid