Art Histroy 40C Midterm 5/8/23

Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa, Cornaro Chapel, 1647–52

Story: The sculpture depicts Teresa of Ávila, a Spanish Carmelite nun and saint, swooning in a state of religious ecstasy, while an angel holding a spear stands over her.

Style: Baroque

• The Chapel has many works from Bernini, such as murals, paintings, and sculptures embedded in the walls and ceilings.

Bernini, Apollo and Daphne, 1622–25

Story: Apollo falls madly in love with Daphne, a woman sworn to remain a virgin. Apollo hunts Daphne who refuses to accept his advances. Right at the moment he catches her, she turns into a laurel tree

Style: Baroque

• Bernini is an artist that captures movement/ action.

Bernini, David, 1623–24

Story:  Instead of being displayed in a pose or stance (Michelangelo), David is displayed in combat, twisting his body in preparation to throw a rock at Goliath.

Style: Baroque

Caravaggio, Entombment of Christ, 1603–04

Story: Two men carry the body of Christ identified as John the Evangelist, only by his youthful appearance and red cloak which supports the dead Christ on his right knee and with his right arm, inadvertently opening the wound.

Style: Baroque

Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, c. 1620

Story: Portrays the moment that Holofernes is killed by the hand of the determined and powerful Judith. The overall effect is both powerful and frightening: the drunk corpulent general is lying on the bed, his head grasped by his hair and the sword plunged into his neck.

Style: Baroque

Rubens, Adoration of the Magi, 1609/28

Story: Three Magi, represented as kings, especially in the West, having found Jesus by following a star, lay before him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh, and worship him.

Style: Baroque

• A very large religious oil painting by the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens. He created this painting with his own style as many artists did.

• Rubens slips in his face here, as you can see on the side of the painting (glowing white face)

Rubens, Adam and Eve, 1598–1600

Story: When Eve is tempted by the serpent and eats the forbidden fruit, Father makes Adam choose between Him and Eden, or Eve. Adam chooses Eve and eats the fruit, causing Father to banish them into the wilderness and destroy the Tree of Knowledge, from which Adam carves a staff.

Style: Baroque

• Rubens creates this piece in his own style, as Adam is seen as more masculine than in other paintings.

Rubens and Snyders, Prometheus Bound, 1612

Story: Furious, Zeus, king of the Olympians, ordered Prometheus forever chained to a rock, where each day an eagle would devour the Titan's perpetually regenerating liver.

Style: Baroque

Rubens, The Death of Achilles, 1630–35

Story: Achilles was killed by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, when he was waiting for the arrival of Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, in the temple of Apollo Thymbraeus. While Achilles was making a sacrifice in honor of his forthcoming marriage to Polyxena, Paris, assisted by Apollo, shot him in his only vulnerable spot - the heel.

Style: Baroque

Vorsterman, Martyrdom of St. Lawrence after Rubens, 1621

Style: Baroque

• Lucas Vorsterman, who had been practicing as an engraver from the age of twelve, was the first engraver to work for Rubens. In 1621, Vorsterman made this engraving, showing Rubens's painting of the Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence

• Rubens had his apprentices finish his work

Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, 1670

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• Landscape painting by Dutch artist Ruisdael.

Saenredam, Interior of the St. Annakerk in Haarlem, 1653

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• Saenredam hid his signature in the pillars of his painting, something he does in his paintings

• Known for his work of church interiors

Maria Sibylla Merian, pages from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, 1705

Style: Botanical Art

• Maria Sibylla Merian travelled in 1699 with her younger daughter to Suriname in northern South America, to study the flora and fauna

• Arguably the most important work of her career, it included some 60 engravings illustrating the different stages of development that she had observed in Suriname's insects

Vermeer, View of Delft, 1661

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• The painting draws us into his mental and social world: into his artistic vision and into his city.

• View of Delft was created with a great deal of layering and fluid brushstrokes used in a horizontal motion. Vermeer painted the sky with more agitated strokes and the looming clouds impose on the view of the sky.

Vermeer, The Art of Painting, 1662–65

Story: This canvas depicts an artist painting a woman dressed in blue posing as a model in his studio. The subject is standing by a window and a large map of the Low Countries hangs on the wall behind.

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

Bosschaert, Vase of Flowers, 1618

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• Still-Life oil painting by Bosschaert

• The arrangement of Bosschaert's bouquets is highly symmetrical and the various flowers scarcely overlap. Each flower is rendered individually and testifies to careful observation. A niche frames the bouquet nicely and closes off the composition.

Van der Heyden, Room Corner with Curiosities, 1712

Style: Dutch Golden Age

• Van der Heyden painted his Still-Life masterpiece Room Corner with Curiosities at 75 in 1712, when he died.

Rembrandt, Self-Portrait, 1660

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• Oil painting was done by Rembrandt when he was 54

• The wrinkled brow and the worries expression show the troubled condition of his mind

Rembrandt, Two African Men, 1661

Style: Baroque/ Dutch Golden Age

• He captured the men in an intimate and informal moment, revealing the proximity between the two. They could have been brothers or relatives. Rembrandt presented them without conventional oriental attributes, such as instruments, bows, turbans, or earrings.

Jefferson, Monticello, 1768–1809

Style: Neoclassicism

• Jefferson was the ambassador of France and adapted the artistic style of Neoclassicism into his own home. Everything was made from scratch for his enjoyment.

Reynolds, Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces, 1763–65

Story: Shows an aristocratic woman making an offering to the three daughters of Zeus.

Style: Grand-style

West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1770

Story: The Death of General Wolfe depicts the Battle of Quebec, also known as the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, on September 13, 1759. This was a pivotal event in the Seven Years' War and decided the fate of France's colonies in North America.

Style: Neoclassicism

Trumbull, The Death of General Joseph Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, 1786

Story: Depicting the death of Founding Father Joseph Warren at the June 17, 1775, Battle of Bunker Hill, during the American Revolutionary War.

Style: Neoclassicism

Copley, Boy with a Squirrel (Henry Pelham), 1765

Story: It depicts Copley's half-brother Henry Pelham with a pet flying squirrel, a creature commonly found in colonial American portraits as a symbol of the sitter's refinement.

Style: Realism

Copley, Paul Revere, 1768

Style: Realism

• Copley was a beloved American artist when he painted Revere in this 1768 portrait. It was a standout portrayal, though, and quite unlike his other works. That’s because Copley wished to remain neutral about politics when that was impossible.

Copley, Watson and the Shark, 1776

Story: Watson had unwisely decided to take a dip from a skiff while the ship on which he was crewing docked in Havana Harbor. A shark attacked him, biting his right leg and pulling him under. The boy surfaced briefly before the shark dragged him under a second time, severing his right foot. By the time Watson surfaced again, his mates had nearly reached him. Copley depicts the boy’s climactic rescue: just as the shark zeroed in for its third strike, a determined crewmate armed with a boat hook drove it away.

Style: Realism

Revere, Bloody Massacre, 1770

Story: In this rare surviving print, famed patriot and engraver Paul Revere depicted a deadly clash between colonists and British soldiers in Boston in 1770—an event now known as “The Boston Massacre” leading up to the Revolution. Revere's engraving was on sale within three weeks of the event.

Style: Realism

David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784

Story: Tells the story of three brothers that make an oath to their father that they will die in the defense of their city (this is a legend about the founding of Rome).

Style: Neoclassicism

David, The Oath of the Tennis Court, 1791

Story: Finding themselves locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles on June 20 and thinking that the king was forcing them to disband, they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court (salle du jeu de paume). There they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France.

Style: Neoclassicism

Baroque

1. Emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted, detail. Due to its exuberant irregularities, Baroque art has often been defined as being bizarre, or uneven.

2. An example of Baroque would be Bernini’s David (1623-24).

Counter-Reformation

1. Describes the more stringent, doctrinal style of Christian art which was developed during the period c. 1560-1700, in response to Martin Luther's revolt against Rome (1517) and the Protestant Reformation art which followed.

2. An example of art in the Counter-Reformation is the Ecstacy of Saint Teresa (1647-52).

Chiaroscuro

1. Is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects and figures.

2. An example of chiaroscuro in art is seen in Caravaggio, Entombment of Christ, 1603–04.

Composition

1. The way in which different elements of an artwork are combined. In general, this refers to the key subjects of the artwork and how they are arranged in relation to each other.

2. An example of composition would be Copley, Watson and the Shark, 1776.

Patron

1. An art patron is an individual of wealth and influence who financially supports an artist through direct commission, sponsorship, or referrals

2. Perhaps the best example of art patronage in art history is the legacy of the Medici family in Florence who practically supported artists to dispose of their power and disrupt the attention appointed by citizens to the origin of their wealth.

Guild

1. An association of artists, craftsmen and/or merchants. In the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods, guilds regulated and controlled art training and production in European cities.

2. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at which time he entered the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master in Antwerp.

Engraving

1. Printmaking process in which lines are cut into a metal plate in order to hold the ink.

2. The engraving of Adam and Eve of 1504 by the German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer recasts this familiar story with nuances of meaning and artistic innovation. In the picture, Adam and Eve stand together in a dense, dark forest.

Oil sketch

1. An artwork made primarily in oil paint in preparation for a larger, finished work.

2. An example of an oil painting would be Rubens, Adoration of the Magi, 1609/28

Triptych

1. An artwork made up of three pieces or panels. Often used to impart narrative, create a sequence, or show different elements of the same subject matter.

Tapestry

1. A weft-faced plain weave with discontinuous wefts that conceal all of its warps. Simply weave the warp and weft threads together, and voila—you have a tapestry!

Genre

1. Whole variety of paintings (landscape, church interior, still-life, portrait, genre scenes)

genre scene

1. Paintings of everyday life not caused by market culture; flourished by selling to people who would buy from them specifically.

Burgher

1. The middle-class people of The Dutch Republic

2. Privileged members of a European town (often those who were male and owned property)

Still life

1. Pictures of inanimate objects arranged on a table

2. An example would be Bosschaert, Vase of Flowers, 1618

Camera obscura

1. A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside and used to help with composition (a projector)

2. Used by Rubens and Bernini

Linear perspective

1. All parallel lines (orthogonals) in a painting or drawing using this system converge in a single vanishing point on the composition's horizon line.

2. Way of organizing space-creates kind of interiority (condition of being in interior & what it's like-makes us aware of condition of being just an earthly being but trying to think more than worldly things

3. An example would be Watson and the Shark 1778, where the painting depicts objects in motion through horizontal lines.

Portraiture

1. Graphic detailed description, especially of a person and doesn't always need to be one person to be considered this genre

2. Example: Copley, Paul Revere, 1768

History painting

1. A genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period.

2. Example: David, The Oath of the Tennis Court, 1791

Landscape

1. Typically described by what appears in the foreground, middle ground, and background

2. “A picture depicting scenery on land”.

3. Example: Vermeer, View of Delft, 1661

“Neat” vs. “Rough” style

1. Neat: Smooth (Vermeer)

2. Rough: Loose (Remembrant)

Enlightenment

1. The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, with global influences and effects.

Neoclassicism

1. Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

2. An example would be Jefferson, Monticello, 1768–1809.

Royal Academy

1. The first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain was founded by Sir Joshua Reynolds

Pediment

1. In architecture, triangular gable forming the end of the roof slope over a portico.

2. An example would be Jefferson, Monticello, 1768–1809.

Polychromy

1. Originally associated with Ancient Greece and Rome, and describes all manners of pigmented decoration, gilding, and the application of varied color to a three-dimensional surface.

Grand tour

1. When people travel to Rome or anywhere in Europe to study art.

2. An example would be a British tourist who would go from Dover, England, and cross the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France. There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris to study art.

Salon

1. Public space where work will annually be distributed, an idea of publicness and politics (art gallery)

2. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS: creates an opportunity for ppl to see more art (freedom) & creates a system of control (constriction)

Rococo

1. Typically the paintings depict aristocrats or aristocratic leisure-time activities -- like courtship rituals, picnics in a harmonious natural environment, and excursions to romantic places.

2. Often shows naked women, sexualization/ hypersexualization of young women, and pastels.

3. An example could be: Reynolds, Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces, 1763–65 (work of pastels).

Romanticism

1. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. In most parts of Europe it was at its peak from approximately 1800 to 1850.

2. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism, clandestine literature, and paganism

Anthropocene

1. geological era created by human activity

2. dated to different times, many say started with European contact in America

3. human influence on environment

fog/ cloud/ steam

1. “works of fog” - Northern European intellectual take

2. biblical implications (creation of Earth)

Ruckenfigur

1. “figure from the back,”

2. Is a compositional device in painting originally used to convey the sense of longing, emotional isolation, and existential restlessness characteristic of the Romantic movement.

Impasto

1. An area of thick paint or texture, in a painting

Finish

1. Altering the surface of a manufactured part to achieve the desired appearance or make it easier to bond with or provide durability.

Instantaneity

1. The perceptual feature of a momentary breaking of a steady status of the temporal field that leaves that status unchanged

plein air

1. “out of doors”

2. Refers to the practice of painting entire finished pictures of outdoors

Friedrich, Fir Trees in the Snow, 1828

Style: Romanticism

Friedrich, Winter Landscape with Church, 1811

Style: Romanticism

Friedrich, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, c. 1818

Style: Romanticism

Friedrich, Woman at the Window, 1822

Story: The painting depicts an interior with a woman, seen from behind, peering out an opened window. Beyond the window, the masts of ships are visible

Style: Romanticism

Constable, Hadleigh Castle, oil sketch, 1829/ Constable, Hadleigh Castle, The Mouth of the Thames- Morning after a Stormy Night, 1829

Style: Romanticism

Constable, Cloud Study, 1821

Style: Romanticism

Turner, Keelman Heaving in Coals by Night, 1835

Story: Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight captures and juxtaposes these two themes. The moon's iridescent, nocturnal glow and a sense of calm pervade the painting as you imagine water slapping rhythmically against the buoys in the foreground and paddles propelling the rowboat quietly across the harbor.

Style: Romanticism

Turner, Snow Storm- Steam Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth, 1842

Style: Romanticism

Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

Style: Romanticism

Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838

• The first daguerreotype where humans were seen on

Talbot, Buckler Fern, 1839

• The first photographic process capable of producing negative images on paper; an image is a form of drawing generated by light and not from technology (natural + technology aspects)

• photogenic drawing

Niécpce, View from the Window at Le Gras, c. 1826-27

• first photo with camera obscura

• first successful permanent photograph

Daguerreotype

1. Images/ Photos that are made with a camera by looking @ a silver plate

2. An artist who used this technique would be Daguerre

3. Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838

Photogenic drawing

1. The first photographic process capable of producing negative images on paper; an image is a form of drawing generated by light and not from technology (natural + technology aspects)

2. Talbot used photogenic drawing

3. A piece with photogenic drawing would be Talbot, Buckler Fern, 1839

Aperture

1. Amount of light let in by a camera

2. Dependent on how big the hole that lets in light is

3. Makes the photo more or less exposed