L: 1-3 Research: An Introduction, Quantitative research, variables

Research

The systematic investigation into and study of materials and resources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Care

Distinct characteristic of a researcher

Utility Competency

Ability to troubleshoot during unexpected scenario

technical competency

ability to use available technologies

Effort

time and skill

service

willingness of the researcher to serve others, to do good

Patience

intra (within) and extra (outside) group

Guts and risk

considering options

Post-positivist

everything should be quantified to produce meaningful concrete results

Constructivist

experience expressed through words can paint a better picture of a certain phenomena

Transformative

researchers supports the idea that research should increase quality of life and produce better societies

Pragmatic

The use of both qualitative and quantitative data in expressing research findings

• Qualitative

• Quantitative

• Mixed Approach

Research approaches

Qualitative Research

An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem

Quantitative Research

approach for testing objective theories by examining relationship among variables

Mixed approach

inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data and integrating the two forms of data

Researcher

In Qualitative research, the _____ is the data-gathering instrument

Subjective

In Quantitative research, ______ individual’s interpretation of event is important

• Conceptualization (concept making)

• Design Phase (planning)

• Empirical Phase (data collection)

• Analytical Phase (data analysis and interpretation)

• Dissemination (utilization)

Research process

Traditional

manuscripts are written by chapter

International

manuscripts are written in introduction-method-results-discussion (IMRAD) format and content based on american psychological association (APA, 7th edition standards).

INTRODUCTION-METHOD-RESULT-and-DISCUSSION

IMRAD stands for?

OLFU - RDIC

_______ promotes the use of APA style and content, use of 6,000 - 9,000 word range for the whole manuscript and the following sections / outline of the manuscript.

Gantt Chart

A chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the amount of work done or production completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those period.

Quantitative approach

Statistical, mathematical or computational method

Quantitative approach

Expressions are in numerical forms, objectivity of data

Quantitative approach

Aim is to find the relationship between one variable to another variable

• Non-experimental

• Experimental

Types of Quantitative research approach

Non-experimental

What type of quantitative approach is the association or connections between variables

Non-experimental

What type of quantitative approach if “Without manipulation of variables”

Experimental

Establishes causality and often used when an intervention is being studied

Experimental

With manipulation of variables

Survey Research

Most common method used for quantitative study and be in form of questionnaire or interview

Correlational research

determine the relationship between two variables

(e.g resilience to happiness)

Positive Correlation

increase, increase

Negative correlation

Increase, decrease

comparative Research

descriptive data, showing that a difference exists but does not imply causation

Comparative research

Example:

Is there a difference significant in the level of knowledge of G11 students when grouped into age?

Quasi Experimental

studies that aim to evaluate interventions but don’t use randomization. Similar to randomized trials, it aims to demonstrate causality between an intervention and an outcome.

Quasi Experimental

Effectiveness of listening to classical music to the students perceived stress. (pre and post test)

True Experimental

all studies with at least one independent variable that is experimentally manipulated and with at least one dependent or outcome variable

True experimental

Example: effectiveness of compost fertilizer to the growth of plant

Variables

Defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies

variables

They are anything that takes on different values, typically numerical values.

Variables

Examples: Age, gender, height, hair color, health parameters (vital signs, hobbies and a lot more)

Independent (X)

This is presumed cause. The variable that is being manipulated by the researcher

Independent (X)

it is stable and unaffected by the other variable that you are trying to measure

Dependent (Y)

This is presumed effect. Assumes the charge brought about by the independent variable

Dependent (Y)

This is the variable that is being measured by the researcher

Extraneous/Erroneous

The unwanted variables. also called as confounding variables, because their presence influences the outcome in undesirable way

Extraneous/Erroneous

There is a need to limit or control this type of variable as much as possible