Chapter 7 - Orthopedics Skeletal System

exam 3

Appendicular Skeleton

the limbs, including the bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hip, and lower extremities

Axial skeleton

central bony structure of the body. it consists of the bones of the head, associated bones of the head and neck, the chest, and the spine

bones

the framework on which the body is built. the 206 individual pieces of the skeleton. bone is known as osseous tissue. bony and osteal are also adjectives for bone.

musculoskeletal system

the combined systems of the muscles and bones. the bones provide structural support for the body and work in conjunction with the muscles to maintain body posture and produce movement.

skeletal system

body system that consists of all of the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints in the body. it provides structural support and protection for soft tissues and internal organs. it is a storage site for calcium and phosphorus. the red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production.

skeleton

bony framework of the body that consists of 206 bones.

coronal suture

immovable joint on top of the cranium, extending from one side to the other, where the frontal bone and the parietal bones meet

cranium

dome-like bone at the top of the skull that contains the cranial cavity with the brain and other structures

ethmoid bone

bone that forms the posterior nasal septum and the medial walls of the eye sockets. the superior and medial conchae of the ethmoid bone are bony projections within the nasal cavity. the ethmoid bone contains many small, hollow air spaces of the ethmoid sinus.

fontanel

“soft spot” on a baby’s head where the cranial sutures are still open and there is only fibrous connective tissue

foramen magnum

large hole in the occipital bone. the spinal cord goes through it to join with the brain

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead and top of the cranium and ends at the coronal suture. it contains the hollow cavities of the frontal sinuses.

occipital bone

bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium. it contains the large opening of the foramen magnum.

parietal bones

bones that form the superior sides and posterior part of the cranium. they join at the sagittal suture

sagittal suture

immovable joint from the top center to the back of the cranium between the two parietal bones

skull

bony structure of the head that includes the cranium and facial bones

sphenoid bone

large, irregularly shaped bone that forms the central base and sides of the cranium and the posterior walls of the eye sockets. it contains the hollow cavities of the sphenoid sinuses. a bony cup in the sphenoid bone holds the pituitary gland (of the endocrine system).

suture

type of joint where one cranial bone meets another. it is an immovable joint that contains no cartilage. Ex) coronal suture, sagittal suture

temporal bones

bones that form the inferior sides of the cranium. each temporal bone has a bony opening for the external ear canal and contains the hollow cavity of the middle ear. bony landmarks include the mastoid process behind the ear and the pointed styloid process, a attachment for ligaments to the hyoid bone

inferior nasal conchae

facial bones that project inwardly from the side of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bones

facial bones within the eye socket. they are small, flat bones near the lacrimal glands (of the eyes that produce tears)

mandible

facial bone that is the lower jaw bone and contains the roots of the lower teeth. it is the only movable bone in the skull. together with the temporal bone, the movable mandible forms the temporomandibular joint located just anterior to the ear

maxilla

facial bone that is the upper jaw bone. it contains the roots of the upper teeth and the hollow cavities of the maxillary sinuses. the maxilla consists of two fused maxillary bones

nasal bones

facial bones that form the bridge of the nose and the roof of the nasal cavity

palatine bones

facial bones that are small and flat and join in the midline to form the hard palate in the oral cavity

vomer

facial bone that is the most inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to join the sphenoid bone

zygoma

facial bone that is a cheekbone and goes to the edge of the eye socket. also known as the zygomatic bone

hyoid bone

flat, U-shaped bone in the anterior neck. it is attached by ligaments to the styloid process of each temporal bone. the tendons of several muscles in the mouth and neck are attached to the hyoid bone.

ossicles

three tiny bones in the middle ear cavity (malleus, incus, stapes) that function in the process of hearing. collectively, they are the ossicular chain

costal cartilage

firm, but flexible connective tissue that joins the ribs to the sternum at the costochondral joint

ribs

twelve pairs of bones that form the sides of the rib cage. there are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. the area between two ribs is the intercostal space.

sternum

vertical bone in the center of the anterior rib cage. also known as the breastbone. the manubrium is the triangular-shaped, superior part of the sternum, while the xiphoid process is the inferior tip. the clavicle and some of the ribs are attached to the sternum.

thoracic cavity

area within the rib cage that contains the hear, lungs, and other structures

thorax

area between the neck and the diaphragm. the wall of the thorax is the rib cage

cervical vertebrae

vertebrae C1-C7 of the vertebral column in the neck. C1 is the atlas; C2 is the axis.

coccyx

group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum. also known as the tailbone

foramen

hole in each vertebrae where the spinal chord goes through

intervertebral disk

disk between two vertebrae. it consists of an outer wall of fibrocartilage and an inner gelatinous substance, the nucleus pulposus, that acts as a cushion

lumbar vertebrae

vertebra L1-L5 of the vertebral column in the lower back

sacrum

group of 5 fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae the first one is S1, but the others are not numbered

spine

bony column of vertebrae that supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk of the body and protects the spinal cord. also known as the vertebral column, spinal column, or backbone. it is divided into 5 regions: cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

thoracic vertebrae

vertebrae T1-T12 of the vertebral column in the area of the chest. each vertebra joins with one pair of ribs

vertebrae

bony structure in the spine. most vertebrae have a vertebral body (flat, circular area), spinous process (bony projection along the midback), two traverse processes (bony projections to each side), and a foramen (hole where the spinal cord passes through)

clavicle

thin, rod-like bone on each side of the anterior neck. it connects to the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. also known as the collarbone

glenoid fossa

shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint

scapula

triangular-shaped bone in the upper back on each side of the spine. also known as the as the shoulder blade. it contains the acromion, a flat, bony projection that connects to the clavicle

carpal bones

the eight small bones of the wrist joint. they connect the radius and ulna to the metacarpal bones

humerus

long bone of the upper arm. the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. the distal end connecs to the radius and ulna of the forearm.

metacarpal bones

the five bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger. they connect the carpal bones to the phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)

phalanx

each of the individual bones of a finger. the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) is between the last two phalanges. a finger or toe is a digit

radius

forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm. its proximal end connects to the humerus. at its distal end, it connects to the carpal bones.

ulna

forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm. its proximal end connects to the humerus. the olecranon (point of the elbow) is a large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna. at its distal end, it connects to the carpal bones.

acetabulum

cup-shaped, deep socket of the hip joint that is made up of the bones of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

ilium

most superior hip bone. it has a broad, flaring iliac crest. posteriorly, each ilium joins the sacrum

ischium

most inferior hip bone. each ischium is one of the “seat bones”

pelvis

the hip bones as well as the sacrum and the coccyx of the vertebral column

pubis

small bridge-like bone that is the most anterior hip bone. the pubic symphysis is a nearly immobile joint that has a cartilage pad between the two pubic bones.

calcaneus

largest of the ankle bones. also known as the heel bone.

femur

long, weight-bearing bone of the upper leg. also known as the thigh bone. the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint. its distal end connects to the tibia.

fibula

thin bone on the lateral (little toe side) of the lower leg. its proximal end connects to the tibia. at its distal end is the bony prominence of the lateral malleolus.

hallux

the great toe

malleolus

bony projection of the distal tibia (medial malleolus) or the distal fibula (lateral malleolus). often mistakenly called the ankle bones

metatarsal bones

the five bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe. they connect the ankle bones to the phalanges.

patella

thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint. also known as the kneecap.

phalanx

each of the individual bones of a toe. a toe is a digit

tarsal bones

the seven bones of the ankle joint. the first is the talus; the largest is the calcaneus.

tibia

long, weight-bearing bone on the medial (great toe) side of the lower leg. its proximal end connects to the femur. at its distal end is the bony prominence of the medial malleolus. its distal end connects to the metatarsal bones. also known as the shin bone.

cancellous bone

spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones. its spaces are filled with red bone marrow that produces stem cells that mature to become all types of blood cells. cancellous bone is also found in the skull, clavicles, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and each ilium.

cortical bone

dense, compact, weight-bearing bone inside the shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

the straight shaft of a long bone, such as the humerus or femur

epiphysis

widened ends of a long bone that contain cancellous bone filled with red bone marrow. the epiphyseal plate is where bone growth takes place

foramen

small opening in the bone where a blood vessel goes through to the bone marrow

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of a long bone. it contains yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue)

osseous tissue

bone, a type of connective tissue

periosteum

thick, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone

cartilage

densely packed collagen fibers that do not contain blood vessels. articular cartilage covers the bone ends in a synovial joint. a meniscus is a cartilage pad in some synovial joints.

joint

area where two bones come together. also known as an articulation. there are three types of joints: suture, symphysis, and synovial.

ligament

fibrous band that holds two bone ends together in a synovial joint

meniscus

crescent-shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints, such as the knee joint

suture joint

immovable joint that contains no cartilage, such as the joint between the cranial bones and most of the facial bones

symphysis joint

slightly movable joint that contains a cartilage pad or disk between the bones, such as the joint between the two pubic bones (the pubic symphysis) and between the vertebrae

synovial joint

fully movable joint that contains two bones whose ends are covered with articular cartilage. there are two types: hinge joints (elbow and knee) and ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip). ligaments hold the bone ends together. the joint is encased in a joint capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint

ossification

process by which cartilage is gradually replaced with bone from childhood through adolescence

osteoblast

bone cell that builds a protein matrix and stimulates calcium salts to deposit there to build new bone

osteoclast

bone cell that secretes acid and enzymes to break down and dissolve areas of old or damaged bone

osteocyte

bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content (calcium, phosphorous) of bone

osteogenesis

process of new bone being built on a protein matrix with deposits of calcium salts. this forms around an osteoblast that then becomes an osteocyte within the new, permanent bone.

avascular necrosis

death of cells in the epiphysis of a long bone, often in the femur. this is caused by injury, fracture, or dislocation that damages nearby blood vessels or by a blood clot that interrupts the blood supply to the bone.

bone tumor

a bone tumor can be benign or cancerous

Osteoma - a benign tumor of the bone

Osteosarcoma - a cancerous bone tumor in which osteoblasts multiply uncontrollably. AKA osteogenic sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma - a cancerous bone tumor that occurs mainly in young men

chondroma

benign tumor of the cartilage

chondromalacia patellae

abnormal softening of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear. the thigh muscle pulls the patella in a twisted path that wears away the underside of the bone.

fracture (FX, Fx)

broken bone due to an accident, an injury, or a disease. some fractures are categorized according to how the bone breaks

other types of fractures include a stress fracture (caused by force or torsion during an accident or sports activity) and a pathologic fracture (caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or metastases to the bone)

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D in the diet or inadequate exposure to the sun whose rays make vitamin D in the skin. in children, this causes the disease of rickets with bone pain and fractures.

osteomyelitis

infection of the bone and bone marrow. bacteria enter the bone following an open fracture, crush, injury, or surgical procedure

osteoporosis

abnormal thinning of the bone structure. when bone breakdown exceeds new bone formation, calcium and phosphorus are lost, and the bone becomes osteoporotic (porous) with many small areas of demineralization. this can cause a compression fracture as a vertebra collapses in on itself. the vertebral column decreases in height, the patient becomes shorter, and there is an abnormal curvature of the upper back and shoulders. osteoporosis can also cause a spontaneous fracture (pathologic fracture) of the hip or femur. osteoporosis occurs most often in postmenopausal women but can also occur in older men. estradiol in women stimulates bone formation, and loss of estradiol at menopause leads to osteoporosis. a lack of dietary calcium and a lack of exercise contribute to the process.

pectus excavatum

congenital deformity in which the sternum, particularly the xiphoid process, is bent inward, creating a hollow depression in the anterior chest

ankylosing spondylitis

chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and restriction of movement of the spine

kyphosis

abnormal, excessive, posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. it is commonly known as humpback or hunchback. the back is said to have a kyphotic curvature. kyphoscoliosis is a complex curvature with components of both kyphosis and scoliosis.

lordosis

abnormal, excessive, anterior curvature of the lumbar spine. it is commonly known as swayback. the back is said to have a lordotic curvature