Unit 4 Test Review: The Early Republic

Presidents during the Early Republic

George Washington - 1789 –1797

John Adams - 1797–1801

Thomas Jefferson - 1801–1809

James Madison - 1809 - 1817

James Monroe - 1817–1825

DOMESTIC Issues George Washington faced

• Creating a court system

• Creating a National Bank

• The Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion (order of events)

• The Federal Gov’t placed a tax on whiskey.

• Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax.

• The Whiskey Rebellion occurred.

• Federal Gov’t asserted its authority. (Washington stepped in and put an end to it.)

George Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

A statement issued in 1793 declaring that the United States would remain neutral in conflicts between European nations, specifically in the conflict between Britain and France.

“...the United States would avoid taking sides in any European conflict and prohibited Americans from fighting in the war as well.”

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Point 1 - We are a unified nation, and we should work to stay that way. Different parts of the country help support each other in strength and prosperity.

• Point 2 - Avoid political parties to prevent division among the populace.

• Point 3 - Avoid entangling alliances with foreign nations and prioritize national interests.

XYZ Affair/Alien and Sedition Acts

A diplomatic incident in 1797-98 involving a confrontation between the United States and France, where French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to public outrage and calls for war.

• made us suspicious of newly immigrated French citizens.

• Creation of the Alien and Sedition Acts - power given to President to remove and dangerous people (illegal immigrants and those who spoke ill of the government).

• Acts not popular with many because they are seen to violate our First Amendment Rights - freedom of speech, for example.

Federalists

• national bank

• high tariffs

• favor business

• strong central government - most important issue

• loose view of the constitution

Alexander Hamilton (federalist)

Suggestions for Improving Economy

• Establish a National Bank - Bank Issue

• Federal tax would help pay off state debts - Debt issue

Democratic Republicans

• weak central government in favor of strong states - most important issue

• strict view of constitution

• no national bank

• oppose tariffs

• favor agriculture

• southern farmers

Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

Largely responsible for the development of their own political parties.

Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which doubled the size of the United States and significantly expanded its territory westward.

• Considered one of Jefferson’s greatest successes.

Causes of the War of 1812

• British impressment of U.S. sailors

• Native Americans attack frontier settlements

• British occupation of Ohio River Valley Forts

Effects (results) of the War of 1812

• Increased national pride and unity

• Economic independence due to reduced reliance on British goods

• Increased American manufacturing and industry - because we largely cut off British goods

FOREIGN Policies during this time.

• Monroe Doctrine - because  it warned European nations against further colonization and interference in the Americas.

• Proclamation of Neutrality - a key policy established by Washington, asserting U.S. neutrality in foreign conflicts.

Foreign Issues

• Monroe Doctrine (hey, foreign countries, keep your hands off our land)

• War of 1812 - fought because of issues with foreign country, Great Britain

Western Hemisphere Map (Monroe Doctrine)

Remember all of the Americas - North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean as part of the Western Hemisphere, where the Monroe Doctrine asserted that European intervention would be viewed as an act of aggression.

Domestic Issues (on American soil)

• Whiskey Rebellion - Pennsylvania farmers

• National Bank

• Marbury v. Madison - US President v. US judge appointee

• Alien and Sedition Acts

Marbury v. Madison

It involved a dispute over judicial appointments (midnight judges) made by outgoing President John Adams.

• Established Judicial Review - the courts may declare a federal law unconstitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden

A landmark Supreme Court case involving the regulation of interstate commerce, which established that the federal government has the sole authority to regulate navigable waters.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A landmark Supreme Court case that established federal supremacy over state law and confirmed the implied powers of Congress.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

A Supreme Court case that ruled states cannot interfere with private contracts.