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lyric
subjective
reflective poetry with regular rhyme scheme and meter
reveals poet’s thoughts and feelings to create a single, unique impression
narrative
nondramatic
objective verse with regular rhyme scheme
meter that relates a story
Sonnet
a rigid 14 line verse form
variable structure and rhyme scheme according to type
shakespearean (english) sonnet
three quatrains and concluding couplet in iambic pentameter
rhyming abab cece efef gg or abba cddc effe gg
spensarian sonnet: specialized form with linking rhyme abab bcbc cdcd ee
Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet
an octave and sestet between which a break in thought occurs
traditional rhyme scheme: abba abba cde cde
in the sestet, any variation of c, d, e
ode
elaborate lyric verse that deals seriously with a dignified theme
blank verse
unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter
free verse
unrhymed lines witout regular rhythm
epic
long dignified narrative poem that gives the account of a hero important to his nation or race
dramatic monologue
a lyric poem in which the speaker tells an audience about a dramatic moment in his/her life and, in doing so, reveals his/her caracter
elegy
a poem of lament, meditating on the death of an individual
ballad
simple, narrative verse tat tells a story to be sung or recited
the folk one is anonymously handed down while the literary one has a single author
assonance
repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line
consonance
repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line
alliteration
the repetition of one or more initial sounds, usually consonants, in words within a line
onomatopoeia
the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning
metapohor
a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison of unlike objects by identification or substitution
similie
a direct comparison of two unlike objects using like or as
conceit
an extended metaphor comparing two unlike objects with powerful effect (It owes its roots to elaborate analogies in Petrarch and to the metaphysical poets, particularly Donne)
personification
a figure of speech in which objects and animals have human qualities
apostrophe
an address to a person or personified object not present
metonymy
the substitution of a word that relates to the object or person to be named, in place of the name itself
synecdoche
a figure of speech in whcih a part represents the whole object or idea
hyperbole
gross exaggeration for effect: overstatement
litotes
a form of understatement in which the negative of an antonym is used to achieve emphasis and intensity
irony
the contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning
verbal irony
meaning one thing and saying another
dramatic irony
two levels of meaning — what the speaker says and what he/she means, and what the speaker says and the author means
situational irony
when the reality of a situation differs from the anticipated or intended effect
when something unexpected occurs
symbolism
the use of one subject to suggest another, hidden object or idea
imagery
the use of words to represent things, actions, or ideas by sensory description
paradox
a statement that appears self-contradictory, but that underlines the basis of truth
oxymoron
contradictory terms brought together to express a paradox for strong effect
allusion
a reference to an outside fact, event, or other source