Ap Gov Unit 3

federal system

national government and states derive authority from the people

unitary system

local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government

confederate system

National government gets authority from states

Tenth Amendment

Enumerated powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people

reserved powers (What they can do)

set times and manners of state elections, choose electors, ratify amendments, take measures for public safety and health, establish local governments, regulate commerce within state

enumerated powers (what can they do)

collect duties and imposts, regulate foreign commerce, naturalization rules, coin money, declare war, provide for and army or navy

concurrent powers (what can they do)

tax, borrow money, establish courts, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations

bill of attainder

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

ex post facto law

a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Part of Article IV of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.

extradition clause

Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to return criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial.

interstate compact

An agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements.

Dillon's Rule

a court ruling that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty but instead must be authorized by state government

charter

A document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Charters for local governments must be approved by state legislatures.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law (supremacy clause)

Gibbons v.s. Ogden

1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states couldn't regulate commerce on interstate areas

Barron v. Baltimore

Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states.

Dual Federalism

The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Sixteenth Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Cooperative Federalism

The intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal, often referred to as marble-cake federalism. Changed to this after New Deal.

progressive federalism

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative. Modern day federalism

block grants

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines

categorical grants

grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending. (Formula, Project)

programmatic requests

federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district

Denied powers of National Government

favoring one state over another in commerce, lay duties on exported items from states, granting titles of nobility, accept gifts or salaries from foreign heads of state, pass bill of attainder (state gov may not as well)

counties

The basic administrative units of local government.

municipality

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas

special district

a local government that is restricted to a particular function

Nullification

The belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law.

formula grant

Grant offered under a payment formula specified in either regulation or legislation

Project Grant

Grant given usually to states for scientific purposes. Awarded for following the specific guidelines

Mandate

order to require states to comply with federal directives according to law or court rulings

unfunded mandates

Order where states must comply yet get no financial aid for doing so. usually leads to pushback and protest

revenue sharing

government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government. Always a higher government gives to lower

Fiscal Federalism

Funds given to lower levels of government through transfer payments or grants

Rehnquist court

the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice

Coercive Federalism

National government uses regulations and conditions to pressure and entice states to fall in line. (categorical)

picket fence federalism

vertical distribution of power in the federal system with the federal government on top. (Block)