language development

early brown’s morphemes

present progressive -ing

prepositions in, on

plural -s

middle brown’s morphemes

irregular past tense

possessive ‘s

uncontractible copula/auxiliary

articles a, the

regular third person past tense -ed

regular third person -s

late brown’s morphemes

irregular third person

contractible copula

contractible auxiliary

90%

mastery of a brown’s morpheme counts when there is __% correct use in obligatory contexts

2, 4

kids start to use many of the early brown’s morphemes around _ years of age and consistently use all of brown’s morphemes by _ years of age

semantic relations

utterances that reflect meaning based on relationships between different words - earliest combinations of words toddlers use to express meaning before they have full grammar

agent-action

noun (agent) + verb

“doggy bark”

agent-object

noun (agent) + noun

“baby juice”

action-object

verb + noun

“pet kitty”

attribute-entity

adjective + noun

“red ball”

possessor-possession

noun (possessor) + noun

“mommy sock”

recurrence

more + noun

“more juice”

nonexistence

all gone/no/bye + noun

“all gone juice”

nomination

demonstrative + noun

“that chair”

locative + entity

noun + locative

“juice glass”

locative + action

verb + noun

“jump bed”

1.5-2.0

MLU for 1.5-2.5 year olds (15-30 months)

2.0-2.5

MLU for 2.3-3 year olds (28-36 months)

2.5-3.0

MLU for 3-3.5 year olds (36-42 months)

3.0-3.7

MLU for 3.3-3.8 year olds (40-46 months)

3.7-4.5

MLU for 3.5-4.3 year olds (42-52 months)

4.5-5.0+

MLU for 5 year olds

perlocutionary stage (0-8 months)

first stage of pragmatic skill development in infancy

“signals” have an effect on the listener or observer but lack communicative intent

illocutionary stage (8-12 months)

second stage of pragmatic skill development in infancy

intentional communication emerges (gestures, pointing, showing, giving)

locutionary stage (~12+ months)

third stage of pragmatic skill development in infancy

child begins to use words with meaning

joint attention (6-12 months)

the ability to focus attention on an event or object as directed by another person

12

a child’s first word usually emerges around __ months of age

10-50

by 18 months, the child has around _ - _ words

18-24

at around _ - _ months, the vocabulary spurt occurs

reflexive stage (0-2 months)

babies make vegetative sounds (burping, coughing), cry

cooing and gooing (2-4 months)

baby produces vowel-like sounds and occasional velars

vocal play (4-6 months)

marginal babbling emerges, baby growls and squeals, begins playing with loudness and pitch

canonical babbling (6-10 months)

reduplicated (bababa) and variegated (badugu) babbling emerges

red flag is not present by 10 months of age

jargon (10+ months)

babies begin babbling with intonation similar to adult-like speech, but without real words

overextension

a child uses one word to label more things than it actually refers to

calling every four-legged animal “doggy”

underextension

a child uses one word for fewer things than it actually refers to

only an oreo is a cookie

fast mapping

refers to children’s ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it

typically used to rapidly expand their vocabularies

telegraphic speech

the typical 2-3 year old uses ____ ___, which uses only the most important words

“daddy throw ball”