period 7 apush (WW1, interwar, WW2)

US WW1 neutrality

• 1914-  Wilson  and called on citizens to remain “impartial and thought as well as deed”

•  Most ( except some Irish and German immigrants)  sympathize with britain, atrocities exaggerated by British propaganda

• US blocked by Britain's Navy to train with Germany, and still kept trading with britian

Lusitania

• Germans began using submarine warfare

•  sank British passenger liner Lusitania without warning ->  1,190 people, 128 Americans died

•  Teddy Roosevelt calls it and act of piracy

•  Woodrow Wilson demands that Germans promise not to do something like that again, Germany agrees but then sings another one 

• Germany still wants to keep America out of War

Zimmerman telegram

• British gave Woodrow Wilson a telegram intercepted from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman to government of Mexico

•  proposed that in the event of war between Germany and us, the Mexicans should join with Germany against America to regain “lost provinces”

overall, why did the US declear war on Germany

• Germany have been sinking ships

•  strong Ally with Britain

•  Zimmerman Telegram

•  1917 Revolution in Russia replaced Tsarist regime with Republican government ->  us could ally

• April 2nd ->  Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for declaration of war

liberty bonds

• Gov spent $32 billion on War

•  sold Liberty Bonds ->  1920, sale of bonds to institutions and individuals (accompanied by elaborate patriotic appeals had produced 23 billion dollars

• centralized regulation (Progressive)

war industries board (WIB)

• Agency created in 1917 to coordinate government purchases of military supplies

•  1918, Woodrow Wilson reconstructed it and placed it under control of Wall Street financer Bernard Baruch

• Wielded Powers greater than any other government agency ->  chose factories, set prices, gave materials

War labor board

• 1918

• Resolve labor disputes, pressure industry to Grant important concessions to workers (minimum wage, 8-hour workday, equal pay to women, recognition of Union  rights)

•  Asked workers to not strike and employers to not engage in lockouts

•  membership and labor union from 1917 to 1919 increase by 1.5 million

Great migration

• Hundreds of thousands of African Americans from rural South ->  Industrial Northern cities

•  Pushes:  poverty, racism, violence

• Pull:  factory jobs in north, opportunity to live in communities where blacks can enjoy more freedom and autonomy

•  advertised by Factory recruiters, black newspapers, and friends and family

•  Result:  huge growth in Black communities

race riots

low poaied black workers crowed into house, new church → tensions between established AA and whites

east st Louis, Illinois (1917) → white mob attacked black neighborhood (burining, shooting)

as any as 40 AA died

committee on Public Information (CPI)

• Supervise the distribution of tons of pro-war literature ( 75 million pieces of printed material)

•  use propaganda to rally public support and Achieve social Unity ( directed by George Creel journalist) 

•  War posters plus newspaper articles

•  as War continues, tactics even more  crude ->  show Germans as Savages (the Persian Cur)

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Espionage Act (1917) ->  stiff penalties for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of War efforts ( Broad),  empowered post office Department to ban seditious material from mail ( included in all publications of the Socialist Party)

•  Sedition Act (1918) ->  illegal to express opposition to war, officials could prosecute anyone who criticized the president or government

•  targeted Socialist Party and IWW

How did WW1 contribute to nativism, racism and the limitation of civil liberties

• People with Target socialist, labor activists,  female pacifist and immigrants

•  Irish, Jews, German immigrants especially targeted

•  violence and hatred towards these groups or anyone anti-war

• “ loyalist” citizens groups police immigrant neighborhoods

wilsons 14 Points (1919)

• Three broad categories

•  eight specific recommendations for adjusting post-war boundaries

•  five general principles to govern International conduct in the future

•  proposal for League of Nations

•  had flaws, but inspired American and Europeans

•  ideas rooted in progressivism ->  human race was capable of a just government and that would create peace

League of Nations (1919)

• Covenant provided for an assembly of Nations that would meet regularly to debate means of resolving disputes

•  authority to implement League of Nations would rest with nine member executive Council (us, britain, france, italy, Japan: would be the five permanent members) 

Henry Cabot Lodge

• Powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, Senator of Massachusetts

•  Woodrow Wilson and Lodge hated each other, Lodge did everything he could to stop Treaty of Versailles 

• Woodrow Wilson would not allow any changes to treaty, Senate rejects League of Nations

Why was Hentry Wilson’s efforts at diplomacy after WW1 not successful

• Unable to secure US Senate ratification of the Treaty of Versailles ->  would not agree to Republican Sen  who held Senate powers

•  linked lead to Treaty of Versailles made both unpopular ( League was a threat to us sovereignty,  Treaty of Versailles was too harsh)

boston police strike (1919)

• police force Strike to respond to layoffs and wage cuts and demand Union recognition

•  Boston erupted into violence and looting

•  Governor Calvin Coolidge called National Guard to restore order

•  Boston officials dismiss entire police force and hired a new one

chicago race riots (1919)

• Black teenager in Lake Michigan stoned and drowned when swimming too close to White Beach

•  Blacks  marched to White neighborhoods, but larger white mobs march to black neighborhoods

•  Chicago at War ->  shootings, stabbings, people homeless

•  worst of red summer where 120 people died in 3 months

marcus garvey/black nationalism

• Encouraged African-Americans to take pride in their achievements and develop an awareness of their African heritage, reject assimilation into white society and develop pride in their Superior race and culture

•  UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League) launched black grocery stores and businesses

red scare

• Russian Revolution of November 1917 -  communism a real threat / regime,  1919 communist interrational -> Revolution around the world

•   mail bombings ->  terrible explosion on wall street, 30 killed (1920)

•  anti radical politicians began to portray all forms of protests or instability as a sign of a radical threat ( Union strikes, race riots)

sacco and vanzetti

• Two Italian immigrants (Bartholomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco) -> Charged with murder with questionable evidence

•  both were confessed anarchists ->  widespread presumption of guilt

•  charged with death, over the years they grew support, but requests for new trial denied

•  died in 1927 and mid worldwide protests and claims of Innocence, generation of Americans never forgot

return to Normalacy

• Woodrow Wilson and Democratic candidates  wanted election 1920 to be a referendum on the League of Nations

•  rep nominee, harding, promise a return to normalcy ->  won by 61%

• Wilson unsuccessful in postwar Order

19th Amendment

Rights of women to vote

marked more of an end than beginning, huge issues in (US racial labor Etc

1) what were the key domestic developments in the immediate post-war years?

2) how did WW1 contribute to nativism, racism, and limitation of civil liberties

1. Economic transition and recession, labor and social unrest, radicalism and red scare, expansion of voting, demobilization

2.  americanization, infringement on sovereignty, violent backlash

neutrality acts (1935-37)

• Designed to prevent a reoccurrence of the events that many Americans now believed have pressured the United States into World War 1

•  1935 ->  established a mandatory arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any major conflict and president could warn American citizens that they might travel on the ships of warring Nations only at their own risk

FDR’s Quarantine Speech

• Chicago 1937 ->  president warned forcefully of the dangers that Japanese aggression pose to World Peace

•  aggressors should be “quarantined” by International Community to prevent War spreading

•  public responded hostilely -> Roosevelt Drew back

Cash-and-carry

• Roosevelt wanted arms embargo lifted, Congress pass Wecker revision in 1939 -> 

• Permit belligerents cash that the earlier NA had established For the sale of non-military materials

• had to pay cash and carry the goods away on their own vessels

American First Committee

•  oppose intervention ->  attracted prominent leaders,  support of NPs ( Hearst chain)

•  supported by a law of Republican Party

Lend-Lease Act

• Allowed government to sell and lend or lease are moments to Any Nation deemed “vital to the defense of the US”

•  America could funnel weapons to Europe on basis that Europe promised to return or pay after War

•  largely supported by Congress who enacted the bill

•  isolationist hated it

Atlantic Charter

• Europe and America set out “certain common principles” on which to base “a better future for the world”

•  a disguise statement of War aims that called openly for the distinction of Nazi tyranny

Pearl Harbor (1941)

• Two waves of Japanese bombing

• lost 8 battleships, three cruisers, four other vessels, 128 airplanes, vital store installations)

•  2000 died, 1,000 injured

•  United America and declared war on December 11th 

How did the US shift from isolationism in the 1920s and 30s to eventual involvement in WW2

rise of aggressive totalitarian regimes

collapse of euro stability

impact of J attacks on PH

Battles of Coral Sea and Midway

• Coral Sea ->  two broad offensives against Japanese, allies achieved first important Victory against Japanese in the Battle of Coral Sea

• turned back a previously Unstoppable Japanese Fleet

•  Midway Island ->  4-day battle, turning point. American Outpost at Midway Island ->  us gained control of Central Pacific

Us and the Holocaust (specifically St. Louis)

• News of atrocities reached public who pressured and end or at least rescuing Jews

•  US military consistently “resisted” helping

•  St Louis ->  1,000 German jews, rejected from Cuba and then Miami and forced to return to Europe

•  State Department didn't even use up number of visas permitted by law ->  90% of quota untouched

• secretary Breckenridge long ->  anti-semite

Office of Price Administration

• During the war, people were scared of inflation

•  anti-inflation Act ->  Administration can freeze agriculture prices, wages, salaries, rents

•  enforced by OPA in 1942

•  was never popular ->  resentment of control

•  complicated system of rationing scarce Goods ( coffee, sugar, ect)

•  black marketing  overcharging

War productions board (1942 (WPB)

• Never had as much power as WIB ->  was  supposed to have broad power over economy

•  never one control over military purchases, the Army and Navy often circumvented the board  entirely in negotiating contracts with producers

•  never able to satisfy complaints of small businesses ->  most contracts going to large companies

•  president transferred Authority to office of war and mobilization (OWM)  in the White House ->  still little success to bring order to mobilization effort

Second Great Migration

• Demand of labor in war plants greatly increase migration of African Americans ->  more than first migration

•  better economic conditions

•  Urban tensions ->  1943, 2 days of racial violence ( 34 dead) 

CORE - Congress of Racial Equality (1942)

• Leading black organization that challenged the system of segregation

•  mobilize Mass popular resistance to discrimination and was less conservative

•  1944:  Force DC restaurant to agree to serve African Americans

•  helped produce Civil Rights Movement

Navajo code-talkers

• 2500 Native Americans perform military service during World War 2 ->  some in combat, others as code talkers

•  worked in military Communications speaking their own language over radio and telephone

•  little war work reached the tribes

•  many talented people left the reservations and were in close contact / assimilated with white Society

bracero program

• Braceros - contract laborers were admitted to the US for a limited time to work specific jobs and American employers in some parts of the SW began actively recruiting Hispanic workers 

• During the GD, Mexican farmworkers had been reported to make room for white workers but war time labor shortage caused farm owners to hirer again

• Mexicans = second largest immigrant group and 300,000 served in military 

zoot suit riot

• Zoot suits -  Mexican street gang (pachucos) members in Los Angeles would wear crazy Styles called zoot suits

•  june 1943:  4-day riot in Los Angeles against Zoot suiters ->  white Sailors invaded Mexican-American communities

•  police did little to stop white violence but arrested Hispanics

•  zoot suits banned

the role of women and children during ww2

• increase of female workers ->  60%. more  likely to be married or older than women who entered the workforce in the past

•  jobs were still classified by race and gender but women began taking on heavy industrial jobs

•  also join in service sector jobs, factories, and government

•  difficult for women to work with children and husband at War ->  had to leave kids alone sometimes

•  juvenile crime rose

•  over 1/3 of children 14 to 18 were employed in high school enrollment dropped

•  after depression Decline and in prosperity  birth rate increased ( baby boomers)

japanese- american internment

• Japanese experienced racism and Prejudice ( more so than European immigrants) ->  many lived in close-knit communities

•  false rumors about Japanese being involved in axis powers

•  in response to Citizen and government pressure President Roosevelt authorized Army to intern Japanese Americans

• 100,000 people were rounded up and told to dispose of properties

•  relocation centers ->  little different from prisons, harsh and uncomfortable

•  government said it was a place for Japanese-Americans to become Americanized

•  Koreenmatsu versus US ->  relocation was constitutionally permissible

•  1945:  permitted to return ->  difficult to get businesses back, harassed

d-day invasion and Battle of the Bulge

• D-Day June 6th 1944:  General Eisenhower sent 3 million troops into Normandy. airplanes and battleships offshore bombarded Nazi defenses, 4000 vessels landed troops and supplies on beaches. within weeks Germans dislodge from Normandy Coast

•  battle of the Bulge  December 16th 1944: Last major German offensive campaign of Western front. brutal conditions, exhausted Germans last Reserve, surprise attack, killed many Americans ->  allies won

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• Japanese sent Kamikaze (suicide) planes against American and British ships, nighttime attacks

• us and allies suffered nearly 50,000 casualties before capturing Okinawa in late June 1945(00,000 Japanese died)

• Iwo Jima  February 1945:   costliest single battle in history of Marine Corps (25,000 casualties)  (Japan lost more)

•  seized tiny volcanic island Iwo Jima 750 miles from Tokyo

Manhattan Project, Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Manhattan Project:  reports that Nazis were trying to create atom bomb,  started work in columbia, government secretly poured two billion into Manhattan project, directed by oppenheimer, Trinity bomb

•  Hiroshima 1945:  Enola gay, 80,000 civilians died

•  Nagasaki 1945:  August 14th:  Japanese give up ->  September 2nd 1945:  Japanese signed articles of surrender

•  US versus Soviet Union coming soon 

How did the US use “total war” strategies at home and abroad

blurred lines between military and civilian targets

mobilized entire econ, industrial, and social infrastructure

women (rosie the riveter), AA

propaganda and rationing)

What were the effects of WW1 on US society

ended the GD, massive econ boom

drew women and minorities into workforce

mass migration to urban cities

growth of suburbs

civil rights acceleration

social tension (riots)

us = global power

future of nuclear warfare