Sufficient Fallacy

Insufficient Sample

Drawing a conclusion or generalization from too small a sample of cases.

Unrepresentative Data

drawing a conclusion based on data from an unrepresentative or biased sample

Arguing from Ignorance

Arguing for the truth (or falsity) of a claim because there is no evidence or proof to the contrary or because of the inability or refusal of an opponent to present convincing evidence to the contrary.

Contrary-to-Fact Hypothesis

Treating a hypothetical claim as if it were a statement of fact by making a claim, without sufficient evidence, about what would have happened in the past if other conditions had been present or about an event that will occur in the future.

Fallacy of Popular Wisdom

Appealing to insights expressed in aphorisms or cliches, folk wisdom, or so-called common sense instead of to relevant evidence for a claim.

Special Pleading

applying a rule to others with an exception for themselves or to a situation of personal interest without justifiable reason

Omission of key evidence

constructing an argument that fails to include key evidence that is critical to the support of the conclusion

Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition

Assuming that a necessary condition of an event is also a sufficient one.

Causal Oversimplification

When an event is attributed to a single event, simple cause when it is actually the result of multiple complex causes

Neglect of a common cause

failing to recognize that two seemingly related events may not be causally related at all, but rather are effects of a common cause

Domino Fallacy

At first event will cause a chain reactive of increasingly severe event, leading to an extreme outcome

Gambler's Fallacy

Arguing that because a chance event has had a certain run in the past, the probability of its occurrence in the future is significantly

post hoc fallacy

assumes that because one event follows another, the first caused the second

Confusion of cause and effect

Incorrectly assumes a causal link between two events because they occurred