AB Psych Exam 2

Acute stress disorder

symptoms begin within 4 weeks and last less than a month (any further may need PTSD diagnosis) Syptoms include re-experiencing trauma, avoiding triggers, inc in arousal and guilt, reduced responsiveness

PTSD

symptoms begin atleast one month after the event but may not present until years later. Symptoms include re-experiencing trauma, avoiding triggers, inc in arousal and guilt, reduced responsiveness

Adjustment disorders

difficult circumstances/stressors that are not classified as traumas. Causes symptoms of anxiety/depression but not enough for a diagnosis. Situational and less severe, can have post traumatic growth

post traumatic growth

sometimes following life/death situation can come with growth period or productive path

triggers of stress disorders

low income, civilian traumas are 10x more common than combat traumas, 1/3 SA victim

bio/genetic reasons for stress disorders

having predispositions/high sensitives to stress can lead to stress disorder when exposed to trauma. Abnormal neuropinephrine, brain body stress routes, predispositions of abnormal stress circuits

Brain-body stress routes

sympathetic nervous system, HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-gland). Overactivities in this can lead to heightened trauma/stressor responses (abnormal cortisol!)

EMDR

trauma based therapy, theoretical controversy. Eye movement desensitization reprocessing, (does not have to be eye movements) exposure to memory and moving eyes left to right to stay more present in order to re-process. It does use exposure which makes it effective

manic episode

1+ week. Abnormal or highly irritable mood, increased activity or energy, at least 3 other symptoms (extreme cases can have psychotic symptoms)

hypomanic episode

lower itensity of mania, specifically BPD 2

Bipolar Disorder I

more intense, “classic understanding” full mania and maj dep episodes (mixed episodes)

Bipoldar Disorder II

not full mania, but has hypomanic episodes alternate with maj dep

rapid cycling

4+ episodes in a year. Episodes will recur without treatment

cyclothymia

milder symptoms, 2+ years, goes between dysthymia and hypomania (there are normal mood states)

Mild IDD

could be related to poor/unstimulating environment, inadequate parent style, learning experiences. 80% of cases. benefit from school and can support themselves as adults. Average/ typical skills but needs assistance when under stress.

Autism spectrum disorder

social communication deficits & limited social interactions + restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior interests, and activities

Wakefield

MMR vaccine was thought to cause it (but it does NOT!) thought the preservative for vaccines were cause, gave lots of wind to the anti vaxer movement

ADHD

learning issues, poor school performance, difficulty with other children, misbehavior, mood/anxiety issues. This is the most over and underdiagnosed issue, being consistently reevaluated for prevalence and symptoms in adulthood

ADHD causes

bio - abnormal dopamine, abnormal frontal-striatal regions, sensation seeking

high stress or family dysfunction during onset

ADHD drug therapy

stimulant medication, methylphenidate. ADHD does have risk of substance use, but that is largely due to a need to self medicate, stimulants often do help decrease effects of ADHD

Specific learning disorder

reading, comprehension spelling, written expression, mathematics. Must rule out inadequate education, would require intellectual academic assessment

tic disorder

motor or vocal tics (not both), different transient tics which are common

tourettes

Multiple motor tics and 1 or more vocal tics. Wax and wane, persists 1+ year (can be comorbid with OCD 1/3 time)

Major depressive in children

headaches, stomach pain, irritability, disinterest in enjoyable things (anhedonia). Can be caused by major life changes or stresses

Major Depressive in Kids Treament

CBT is recommended over drug therapy atleast to start

Separation anxiety disorder

may refuse to go out or go to school. May have physical anxiety sickness, overattachment to parents, it is important to meet with family to prevent accidental reinforcements of the behavior. Extreme cases could become comorbid to panic disorders

Selective mutism

 has to have expressed that they have the ability to speak, but does not speak in certain settings. Very comorbid with social anxiety disorder (could be a category of that)

Reactive attachment disorder

withdrawal from adult caregivers to extremely abnormal extent. When distressed they do not seek a home base or feel concerned with expressing their emotions. Can be caused by neglect or abuse, or moving homes (like being in foster care)

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

impulsive lack of social engagement, subtype of reactive attachment disorder. Often has insufficient care/bad parenting. Inappropriate engagements with adults

enuresis

bed or daytime wetting (generally bedwetting) 2x week or more for 3+ months and at least 5+ years old. Can be triggered by stress and family often have similar issues at childhood.

Encopresis

 1x month for 3+ months, diurnal>nocturnal (not night) Can be caused by stress, constipation, improper training

Oppositional defiant disorder

angry/irritable mood, argumentative and defiant, vindictiveness

conduct disorder

 more severe symptoms. Bullies, intimidates, physically cruel to people/animals, property damage, theft, serious rule violations. Has to check for antisocial personality disorder when 18+

2+ inappropriate behaviors a year

conduct disorder levels

overt destructive (open destruction), overt nondestructive (open defiance and disobeying), covert destructive (secret destruction), covert nondestructive (private defiance and rule breaking)

relational aggression

aggression which is lying or bullying to social harm others. Related to this disorder but not as much a factor

PCIT parent child interaction therapy

 2-7 year olds, showing symptoms and take preventive measures, there needs to be secure reinforcements and trust built for a child to feel able to accept “no” and rules

play therapy

approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express conflict and feelings indirectly through drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

childhood disorder, severe recurrent temper outbursts along with persistent irritable or angry mood

Type 1 Attention ADHD

 beyond voluntary control and focuses on random things in surroundings

Type 2 Attention ADHD

mental activities we can control, and they involves focus of attention

theory of mind

awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information they cannot know (similar to mentalization)

joint attention

sharing focus with other people on items or events in one’s immediate surroundings, whether through shared eyegazing, pointing, referencing, or other verbal/nonverbal indications that one is paying attention to the same object

augmentative communication system

method for enhancing communication skills of people with autism, intellectual disability, or cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer

down syndrome

form of intellectual disability by abnormality in 21st chromosome.  IQ range from 35 to 55. Appear to age early but have neurocognitive decline, heavily sterotyped disorder and there is large spectrum in terms of extent of diasibility

Fetal alcohol syndrome

group of problems in a child, inc lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in the hands and face, that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy

mainstreaming

placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes (inclusion). Success invovles good teacher preparedness, a token economy program, or IEP

inflexible coping style

the idea that different coping mechanisms work for different things, one won’t work for everything but can be great for one type of trauma or disorder.

flexible coping style

idea that coping styles work in a variety of settings, and applying these coping skills can lead to a person being less likely to develop PTSD from traumatic events

multifinality

notion that persons with similar beginnings may wind up at very different endpoints

equifinality

 notion that different developmental pathways may lead to the same endpoint

psychological first aid PFA

disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce the initial distress of victims and foster their adaptive functioning, but without procedures that may be premature, intrusive, or inflexible. (in class there was issue with the idea of encouraging negative emotions)

psychological debriefing

form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents (critical incident stress debriefing)

unipolar depression

depression without a history of mania

magic ratio

9:1 positive to negative ratio of parent interactions with kids (the more obedience issues, the harder it can be to keep this number up