UNIT 2.1 - 2.6

Functionality

The furniture must be multifunctional.

Size or overall dimension

It is important to consider because there are limitations with the material — , as well as stability, portability and workability of the material for the

said furniture.

Quality control

To ensure the quality and condition of the furniture.

Ruler

Used for measuring and making straight lines.

Squares

This hand tool is used for checking right angles or checking “” . May also be used for markings.

Marking gauge

A combination of marking and measuring device. The distance is set from the point to the guide with a rule.

Calipers

Hand tool used to measure diameters.

Crosscut saw

Used for cutting wood across the grain.

Cross cut saw tooth

Angle of this saw is 60deg the same as the rip saw. The angle on the front is 15deg from the perpendicular while the angle on the back is 45deg.

Rip saw

Used for cutting wood along the grain.

Rip saw tooth

Has an angle of 60deg - 8deg from the perpendicular on the front and 52deg on the back.

Hand Plane

Hand tool used for making wood surfaces flat.

Spoke shave

Hand tool used by the old blacksmith and wagon maker for shaping spoke for wooden wheel.

Files

Hand tools used for smoothing curves usually on the edges after sawing.

Chisels

“Paet” a hand tool used for fitting joints and for shaping edges. This tool is also used in carving.

Gouges

Chisels with hollow blades used for carving out concave terms.

Augerbrace and bit

Handtool used for boring halos ¼ “ and larger. Also used with other tools, such as counter sinks and screw driver bits.

Hand drill

Used for drilling small holes usually not larger than ¼”.

Standard Screwdrivers

Slotted with a flat tip

Phillips Screwdriver

Has an X shaped tip used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws.

Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver

It relies on a pushing force rather than twisting force.

Jig Saw

Also called scrolled saw and is designed especially for cutting line curves and details in stock up to apprx. an inch in thickness.

Band Saw

A saw having endless blade travelling around two pulleys. It cuts curves and straight lines in th

Circular Saw

A rotary cutting tool with a circular blade. Also called a bench or table saw, which can perform the following tasks; ripping, mitering, chamfering, cross cutting, and rabbeting.

Radial Arm Saw

An upside down saw with teethed circular saw. The motor and blade are suspended above the work table rather than below it. The blade can be raised, lowered, turned and tilled to make an assortment of cuts

Planer

Automatically surfaces the stock to thickness.

Drill Press

Used for boring, routing, shaping and countersinking.

Wood Lathe

The machine in which wood is shaped into round and cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps, and table legs.

Spindle Shaper

Specifically used for cutting shaped edges mouldings, picture frames etc.

Disc and Belt Sanding Machine

A powered sander which is used to remove waste material and smooth the edges of the wood and plastic sheets.

Electric Drill

Designed primarily for drilling and boring, Current attachments allow the drill to be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.

Electric Handsaw

A portable saw used for crass cutting, ripping and mitering.

Router shaper

A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved through the cutter.

Hardwood

Used as frames for its compressive strength, Moisture can cause to warp and shrink. Can be stained or painted or pickled/whitewashing. Large selection of door styles.

Softwood

Easy to scratch and dent compared to hardwood. Has a wider grain. Heat and moisture can cause cracking and warping. can be stained or painted. Generally light color.

Plywood

Layers of wood veneer glued together usually made of Narra, Tanguile, Almasiga and Lauan. Can be stained or painted. Poor grain quality.

4’ x 8’ - 1330 mm x 2440 mm

Size of plywood

3mm, 6mm, 19mm, 25.4mm

Thickness of plywood

Plyboard

Too heavy to use as a cabinet door. Requires more hinges to carry weight. Easier to paint. Can not be routed.

Medium Density Fiberboard

An engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and resin binder and forming it into panels by high temp and pressure. Generally dener than plywood.

Particle board

Wood particles and fibers pressed together into durable and inexpensive sheets.

Chipboard/Oriented Stand Board

Made from pressed wood strands. Mostly used for structural framing. Can also be an alternative for plywood.

Manufactured woods

Chipboard, Fibreboard, plywood

Solidwood

pine, beech, ash, oak maple, walnut, mahogany

Wood Veneer

Fine layer of wood adhered to a substance. Often used for center panels on cabinet doors. Durable and reliable, although heat and moisture can cause doors to warp and crack. Can be curved but not routed. Great grain matching in various woods and colors.

Melamine/ Low pressured lamiante

It is thinner, less durable and less expensive than HPL. It is often used for cabinet boxes. Wide variety of colors and patterns.

High pressured laminate

Layers of compressed resin and paper are adhered to a substrate. Popular for its easy maintenance and durability. Whites are slow to yellow

Thermafoil

A surface finish applied to cabinets by multiple manufacturers. A plastic material which is thermoformed to the profile of an underlying engineered wood core such as medium density fiberboard.

Ferrous Metals

Composed mainly of iron with small addition of other metals or substances.

Wrought Iron

Iron with traces of silicate.

Cast Iron

Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur, etc.

Mud Steel

Iron with up to 0.3 percent carbon.

Stainless Steel

Steel with chromium and nickel.

Tool and Alloy steel

Composition of varied addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper and manganese to molten steel.

Copper Bearing Steel

Has high resistance to corrosion.

Non Ferrous Metals

Contain little or no iron.

Aluminum

Lustrous silver white magnetic lightweight metal which is very malleable has good thermal and electrical conductivity.

Copper

Pure metal, lustrous, reddish brown metal highly ductile and malleable.

Lead

Pure metals soft malleable and heavy metal.

Zinc

Pure metal, can be used as a substitute for lead in flashings and linings.

Tin

Pure metal lustrous white soft malleable metal having a low melting point.

Alloys

Combination of two or more metals and other substances.

Bronze

copper with tin

Duralumin

Aluminum with copper and other materials.

Brass

Copper with zinc

Steel

Iron with carbon

Rattan

Climbing palm that thrives on Asiatic regions. Processed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture. 10 of 61 species are commercia;ly exploited in the phil.

Palasan

Specie with a diameter of 25 mm and over

Tumalim

Specie with a diameter of 15mm to 24mm

Sika

Specie with less than 15 mm dia. and possessed better quality in terms of flexibility brighter color superior than Panlis.

Panlis

Specie with less than 15mm diameter and has inferior quality.

Steam bending, blow torch, metal plate heating, soaking on hot water

ways by which rattan poled may be bended.

Bamboo

Woody grass known as Bamusese. Has a stem called culm that are cylindrical and generally separated by partitions or joints called nodes. space between is internodes.

Buri

Largest palm in the Philippines reaching a height of 20 meters.

Sap

Converted into fermented toddy,

Trunk

Yields edible starch.

Bud

Good indredient for salads.

Kernels of the young fruit.

Made into local fruit cocktail halohalo etc.

Buntal Fibers

Processes from the petioles of leaf.

Stalks

Are woven into the famous lucban hat and buntal bags.

Strips of unopened leaves

Are woven into mats, bags and baskets.

Buri Leaves

Used as traditional packaging for local foods.

Buri Midribs

Made into furniture and crafts products.

Shells

Are the tough outer covering of a variety of animals fruits, seeds and nuts. Used for inlays as mother of pearls from abalone oyster shell and capiz shells.

Skin

Leather is an important upholstery material for furniture. Filipino artisans began using leather for upholstery as early as late 17th centure. Supply of fresh hides from water buffalo and slaughter houses.

Hides

Obtained from large animals such as cows etc.

Skins

Are obtained from smaller animals such as calves, sheep, and etc.

Kips

obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes etc.

Coconut

recently, research has been directed to the other parts of the —— tree, specifically the trunk and coco shell to explore their potential as materials for new Philippine

products. In production of furniture, harder part o the trunk has been found to be workable material. Carving and intricate turning is possible. It can also be used for furniture framing (coco lumber).It is ideal for furniture framing and can be combined with lighter wood or laminated plywood.

Cocoshell

It is another by product of coconut. Which shows great potential for development of furniture, furnishings and Philippine products.

Glass

Is a desirable, interesting furniture construction material for some applications. Although more fragile than most plastics,it is stronger than you might think. It must be thick enough to provide necessary support.Usually ½” thick is sufficient, for wide spans, supports should be added so the glass won’t sag. Tempered glass is stronger, but is rarely used in furniture because it must be cast rather than cut to size

Marble

The most common stone for furniture. It tends to shatter less than glass but also tends to break along the veins.

Traverntine

It is extremely porous, it is generally filled and polished before it is used for furniture.

Granite and Slate

Used in furniture and are stronger than marble. .

Nails.

Straight slender piece of metal having one end pointed and the other enlarged flatted for hammering into wood or other building materials as fastener.

Bullet head

General Purpose nail with a small head to be punched below timber surface and then filled. Suitable for framing, planking and cabinet work.

Clout

Large flat head is to support material being fixed. For fixing metal sheeting, strapping, brackets, conduit and pipe clips.

Deck Spike

Used for fixing large size timbers such as railway sleepers. Galvanized coated for extra protection against corrosion.

Duplex

Used in formwork applications and fastening temporary work The second head is left exposed for easy removal and for attaching string line.

Masonry

Used in securing materials such as wood to brick or concrete. Made of thick, hardened steel or zinc with grooved or fluted shank.