APUSH Period 4 Important Events/Treaties/Documents (based off study guide)

Marbury v. Madison

court case that established the power of judicial review (power of the Supreme Court to deem actions of Congress/President unconstitutional)

• happened b/c of Adams’s midnight appointments → Adams appointed many judges at the last minute but all didn’t get followed through with, so William Marbury (one of them) decided to sue for commission → goes directly to the Supreme Court

Hudson River School

mid-19th century art movement influenced by romanticism

• depicted scenes of Hudson River Valley

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson purchases Louisiana territory from France

timeline:

• 1763 → France gives Louisiana territory to Spain

• 1796 → Spain cut off

• March 1801 → treaty w/ Napoleon to return Louisiana to France; US worried b/c Pinckney Treaty no longer in effect and proximity to Napoleon

• January 1803 → Monroe + Livingston sent to France w/ instructions to buy New Orleans for up to $10 million

• April 1803 → Haitian Revolution leads to Haitian independence → Napoleon gives up on US and sells all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million

Lewis and Clark Expedition

after Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore and chart Louisiana territory

Era of Good Feelings

era post-War of 1812 where there was only one political party in America

American System

3 parts:

• protective tariffs on imported goods to encourage growth of domestic industry

• national bank to provide a stable currency

• internal improvements and federal funding for transportation projects

Market Revolution + its innovations

internal improvements and innovations post-war

transportation:

• National Road: first federally funded interstate infrastructure project; connected all of US

• Erie Canal: linked Great Lakes w/ Hudson River and Atlantic Ocean

• steamboat: Robert Fulton established the first commercial service and enabled upstream routes

• railroads: 1st long distance rail line Maryland 1807; state and city-sponsored

• telegraph lines: communication across long distances

agriculture:

• mechanical reaper

• steel plow

• cotton gin

labor:

• water-powered textile mills

• piecework

• interchangeable parts

Panic of 1819

cotton boom → lots of people buying farms off credit from Second Bank of US → European demand dropped → recall of loans → major loss of property and money

McCulloch v. Maryland

ruled that the Second Bank of US was Constitutional and Maryland couldn’t tax it

• Maryland deemed the 2nd BUS unconstitutional and wanted to “nullify” its power

Gibbons v. Ogden

ruled that the federal government has the power to regulate interstate commerce; negated NY’s state-granted steamboat monopoly

Embargo of 1807

completely cut off foreign trade in hopes of maintaining neutrality in the midst of the war between France and Britain

Non-Intercourse Act

Madison changed the Embargo Act of 1807 to only prohibit trade with France and Britain → led to further tension

War of 1812

causes:

• British impressment of US sailors

• Chesapeake Incident

• Embargo Act of 1807

• 1808 Election of Madison

• T&T ally with British

• War Hawks

major events:

• Invasion of Canada

• Naval battles with Britain

• Washington, DC burned down by Canada

• Fort McHenry

• Andrew Jackson in the south fights against Native American confederacy

ended w/ Treaty of Ghent

Chesapeake Incident

British seizure of the US ship Chesapeake in attempt to impress sailors

• 3 Americans killed, 18 wounded, 4 impressed

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812, returned everything to the way it was before the war

Tariff of 1816

first protective tariff on US goods; designed to protect domestic industries from British goods flooding the market

Second BUS

1st BUS charter expired → new one from American System

Tallmadge Amendment

proposed solution to the Missouri crisis where it would become a slave state, but banned further transportation of slaves into the Missouri territory

Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state to keep the balance of power in Congress; further states’ status decided based on location of the 36 30 parallel

Missouri Crisis

Missouri wanted to be admitted into the US, but issue of slave vs. free state due to unequal representation in Congress

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty)

agreement b/w the US and Spain that ended with the US annexing Florida → resolved border disputes with Seminoles

Monroe Doctrine

officially recognized the Americas as sovereign and not subject to recolonization from European powers in an attempt to stay uninvolved in foreign affairs

slave codes

state and local laws designed to restrict the rights of slaves and maintain control by treating them as property

• reaction to fears of slave revolts

Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorized the president to negotiate removal treaties with Native American tribes

• didn’t follow through with treaties → led to Trail of Tears

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• Georgia enacted laws that didn’t recognize the Cherokee people as legally autonomous → sought to classify the Cherokee as a “foreign state”

• ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a domestic, dependent nation

• acknowledged Cherokee’s sovereignty while placing them under authority of federal and state governments

Worcester v. Georgia

ruled that the state of Georgia didn’t have the right to enforce laws on Cherokee territory

• Andrew Jackson ignored ruling → Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson pushed Native American tribes out of their lands and through harsh suffering and displacement conditions

• 1200 mile march

• High death toll

Specie Circular

July 1836 → required all payment be in hard currency (gold/silver) for all federal land purchases

• drained Eastern banks of gold and silver

• factor that led to the Panic of 1837

Spoils System

system that Andrew Jackson enacted where those who voted for him in the election were given positions in office

Tariff of 1828 (“Abominations”)

provided protection for northern manufacturers’ interests by raising prices of European products in the US

• controversial because the South blamed it for a massive transfer of wealth; they were forced to purchase from northern manufacturers at higher prices

• Europeans had tariffs of their own → reduced foreign purchases of southern cotton

• led to Nullification Crisis

Second Great Awakening

reform efforts of the antebellum era led to Protestant revival fervor

• emphasized an emotional religious style and growth of individual salvation within religion → rejection of Calvinism + predestination

• burst of religious enthusiasm led to population growth

• led to cultural change → increase in church membership and Bible groups formed

• African American style of Christianity formed and Christian communities formed

Utopian communities

• both religious and nonreligious

• influenced by evangelical Protestantism and ideas of romanticism/transcendentalism→ revivalism made them want to further reform society, so they formed radical socialist communities

eg. (religious)

• Euphrates Cloister — oldest, devoted to spiritual contemplation and nonconformity

• Rappites — every good is held by everyone

• Shakers — outgrowth of Quakers; emphasized male and female equality for all, as well as all goods communal

• Oneida Community — idea of perfectionism within religion

• Mormons — by far the largest and most successful, influenced by ideas of Joseph Smith and emphasis on a male-dominated society

eg. (nonreligious)

• Brook Farm — emphasis on transcendentalism mixed with manual labor; home to writers such as Emerson and Thoreau

• New Harmony — dream of a more equitable world in the face of industrialization

• Fourierists — emphasized collective efforts by associations housed in large complexes

Seneca Falls Convention

convention for women’s rights led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; produced the “Declaration of Rights and Sentiments” arguing legal equality for men and women