political problems

how many initially could vote

2% on new gov in 1861

what by 1882

vote increased to 25% of males

what in 1912

extension of franchise to majority of males

what did Crispi say about trasformismo politics

“utter pandemonium”

church’s initial reaction to state

non expedit in 1874

when did this relax

1904, along with dissolution of Opera Dei Congressi

church relations in 1913

Gentiloni Pact that church would support liberal coalition against Psi

what did Duggan say about church/ state relations?

“the easing of tensions was based on mutual convenience, not liking.”

what caused rise of socialism

growing industry in the north in 1880s and 1890s

what was the new trade union called

cgl - general confederation of labour

rise of socialist party

PSI founded in 1892 - by 1913 securing 20% of seats

three different wings of socialism

minimalists

maximalists

syndicalists

peak of civil unrest

red week june 1914 - thousands of soldiers deployed

when was nationalist group set up

1910 italian national association set up

main outlet for nationalist movement

journals such as la voce which at its peak only circulated 5000 copies

nationalist/ futurist figures

D’annunzio and Marinetti