chem atomic theory~ionization energy

Kinetic Theory Assumptions (Ideal Gas): 1) Particles have negligible volume. 2) No intermolecular forces. 3) All collisions are elastic.

Real Gases vs. Ideal Gases: Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at low temperature and high pressure due to significant particle volume and intermolecular forces.

Avogadro's Law: Equal volumes of any ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

Molar Volume at STP: The volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP (273.15 K, 100 kPa) is 22.7 dm³.

Combined Gas Law: P₁V₁

T₁ = P₂V₂

Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT; relates pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature for an ideal gas.

Gas Constant (R): The constant in the Ideal Gas Law; value is 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹.

Successive Ionization Energies (HL)

Photon Energy Equation 1: E = hf; energy of a photon equals Planck's constant times its frequency.

Photon Energy Equation 2: E = hc

λ; energy of a photon equals (Planck's constant × speed of light) divided by wavelength.

Convergence Limit: The point in an atomic spectrum where energy levels merge; an electron here is no longer bound to the atom.

Ionization Energy from Spectrum: The energy required to move an electron to the convergence limit is equal to its ionization energy.

Boron vs. Beryllium IE: Boron's first ionization energy is lower than beryllium's because its electron is removed from a higher-energy 2p orbital.

Oxygen vs. Nitrogen IE: Oxygen's first ionization energy is lower than nitrogen's due to electron-electron repulsion in a paired 2p orbital.

Successive Ionization Energy: The energy required to remove each subsequent electron from an atom or ion.

Trend in Successive IE: Each successive ionization energy is larger than the previous due to the increasing positive charge of the ion.

Ionization Energy "Jump": A large jump in successive IE data occurs when an electron is removed from a new, inner, full energy level.

Valence Electrons from IE: The number of valence electrons an element has is equal to the number of electrons removed before a large jump in successive IE data.