Human Circulatory System and Cardiology

Flashcards to assist in studying key terminology and concepts related to the human circulatory system and cardiology, helpful for exam preparation.

tunica intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel; consists of endothelium and a thin layer of connective tissue.

tunica media

The middle layer of blood vessels; contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers, regulating vessel diameter.

tunica externa

The outermost layer of a blood vessel; composed of connective tissue that provides structural support.

artery

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

vein

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

capillary

Small blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

coronary artery

The arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

myocardial infarction

A heart attack; occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing muscle damage.

sinoatrial node

The natural pacemaker of the heart; generates electrical impulses that initiate heartbeats.

atrioventricular node

A cluster of cells that delays the electrical signal before it passes to the ventricles, allowing atria to contract.

pulmonary circulation

The circuit in which blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back for gas exchange.

systemic circulation

The circuit in which oxygen-rich blood is distributed from the heart to the rest of the body.

fetal circulation

The system of blood flow within a fetus, including structures like the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus that bypass pulmonary circulation.

ductus arteriosus

A fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

valve

A structure in the heart that prevents backflow of blood; ensures unidirectional blood flow.

ventricular septation

The process of dividing the heart ventricles during development, forming separate chambers.