TEAS: Microbiology

What pairs together in DNA

What happens if they dont pair together

Adenine → Thymine

Cytosine → Guanine

Creates a mutation

Define Stem cell differentiation

stem cell transforms into a more specialized cell type that can

perform new functions

Define Cell potency

a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.

What are types of Cell potency

Totipotent:

Pluripotent:

Multipotent:

Totipotent:

Pluripotent:

Multipotent:

Totipotent: any cell type (extraembryonic tissues, and can form a complete organism)

Pluripotent: differentiate into many, but not all cell types

Multipotent: a limited number of cell types

What is Electrophoresis used for

to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge

An electric current is used to move the molecules through a gel or other matrix.

Name the steps of action potential.

1. Resting potential:

2. Depolarization:

3. Repolarization:

4. Hyperpolarization:

1. Resting potential:

2. Depolarization:

3. Repolarization:

4. Hyperpolarization:

1. Resting potential: -70MmV

2. Depolarization: rises → +30MV (Na+ channels open letting positive sodium ions to enter)

3. Repolarization: K+ channels open; positive K+ ions leave cell (negative)

4. Hyperpolarization: dips because potassium

   channels close slowly → return to resting potential

Ribosomes:

protein synthesis (translate genetic information from mRNA into proteins by linking amino acids together in the correct sequence)

Peroxisomes:

→ break down fatty acids + detoxify harmful substances using oxidative enzymes

Centrioles:

organizing microtubules (cell division) + forming the mitotic spindle

Nucleolus:

synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + makes ribosomes

Endoderm:

Mesoderm:

Ectoderm:

Endoderm: linings + digestive organs.

Mesoderm: muscles, bones, + circulatory structures

Ectoderm: Develops skin + nervous system + sensory organs.

What is unique about a virus

replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Describe the biological classification: The taxonomic hierarchy

From lowest to highest, they are:

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Given what you know the function about the liver + gallbladder, what happens when we eat fatty food

gallbladder → bile into small intestine (mixes with

semi-digested food)

Melanocytes produce..

melanin (pigment that gives skin its color) → protects body from UV light

What are the 3 Mendel’s laws

Segregation:
Independence:

Dominance:

Segregation:
Independent assortment:

Dominance:

Segregation: everyone has 2 alleles for each gene, alleles separate when gametes form → each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Independent assortment: alleles for different traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring (flower color) does not affect the inheritance of

another trait (like seed shape)

Dominance: one dominant allele + mask the

expression of the other allele, which is recessive.

What is the organic compound, amino acid made up of

amino functional group (-NH2) + carboxylic acid

functional group (-COOH)

Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells: Bacteria + Archaea

Eukaryotic cells: animals + plants + fungi + protists.

When does Codominance occurs

when alleles that are present for a certain gene are both expressed

Bacteria are…

single-celled prokaryotes, can be harmful or helpful

Viruses are…

non-living, need a host to reproduce

colds, flu, COVID

Viral diseases

1. influenza
2. HIV/AIDS
3. measles/mumps
4. COVID
5. viral pneumonia
6. chickenpox

Fungi are…

Eukaryotic

**obtain food from other organisms

**can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds), and have cell walls

Athlete’s foot.

Fungi diseases

1. candida ( yeast overgrowth)
2. Tinea (ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch)

Protozoa are

Single-celled

often cause disease (like malaria + sleeping sickness)

live freely in H2O
capable of locomotion

Types of Protozoa diseases:

Pseudopodia: cytoplasm projections of false feet
Cilia: short projections that move back and forth
Flagella: long tail-like extensions

Describe algae

• unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes

• photosynthetic: organisms use sunlight and CO2 to make sugar (organelle = chloroplasts)

• parasitic worm (tape, hook)

• scabies (itch mite)

• lice (but they do not cause disease)

Helminths are

Parasitic worms that live inside the body.

What are the 3 shapes of bacterial cell shapes

• Cocci

• Bacilli

• Spirilla

• Cocci

• Bacilli

• Spirilla

• Diplo

• Staphylo

• Strepto

• Cocci = round

• Bacilli = rod-shaped

• Spirilla = spiral-shaped

• Diplo = cells stuck together

• Staphylo = cluster arrangement

• Strepto = chain arrangement

Describe the two Gram Staining + what it means

• what the cell walls look like

• Gram-positive = thick wall, stains purple, easier to kill

• Gram-negative = thin wall, stains pink, harder to treat (more resistant)

Describe what makes up a VIRUS

• Not alive, made of DNA/RNA + protein coat (capsid)

• Use host cells to multiply

• Examples: flu, HIV, COVID

• Can’t be killed by antibiotics

Describe the innate (nonspecific) + adaptive (specific) defense system

• First line (nonspecific) – Skin, mucous, tears block entry

• Second line (nonspecific) – Inflammation, fever, white blood cells attack anything foreign

• Third line (specific) – T-cells and B-cells target and remember specific invaders

What does a vaccine do..

Trains immune system to recognize + attack pathogens

What temperatures do microbes grow best at

37 C

How does Aseptic technique prevent contamintation

keeps everything sterile

What does Sterilization kill

all microbes

What does Disinfection kill

• Kills most microbes on surfaces (e.g., bleach)

What is the most effective way to prevent spread of infection

handwashing

What does a pathogen cause

disease causing microbe

Infectious disease vs Noninfectious disease

infectious disease: spreads person to person

non-infectious diseases: cannot be spread, genetically predisposed (ex. cancer, sickle cell)

Describe types of direct contact

direct body contact , droplet transmission: short range aerosols, coughing/sneezing

Describe types of indirect contact

airborne, carried by dust/droplets
**vehicles: food, H2O, blood, inanimate objects
**vectors: mosquitos, fleas, ticks, etc, (something carrying something)