Day 2 Innervation and Bronchial Constriction

How does smooth muscle run in the bronchi and bronchioles?

circumferentially

What attaches ends of tracheal cartilage, and is located in opposition with the esophagus?

trachealis

What is the purpose of constricting airflow to alveoli?

narrows airway for resistance, protective via limited deadspace and reducing exposure to airway irritants

What is the response to hypoxia?

limit deadspace

What are the pathologies associated with airway narrowing?

constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, thickening of airway walls with inflammation/edema, lumen plugged with mucus/edema

How does increased resistance reduce airflow during slow breathing?

increases time to fill airways

How does increased resistance reduce airflow during rapid breathing?

decreases tidal volume

What stimulates contraction of airway smooth muscles?

parasympathetic system via vagus nerve

What are the receptors for contraction of airways?

acetylcholine, muscarinic receptors

What are the receptors for dilation of airways?

norepinephrine, beta-2 adrenergic receptors

What blocks contraction of airways from the parasympathetic system?

atropine

What stimulates relaxation of airway smooth muscle?

sympathetic system

What does iNANC stimulate?

relaxation of airway smooth muscle

What drugs can regulate airway smooth muscle and cause contraction?

histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins D2/F2

What drugs can regulate airway smooth muscle and cause relaxation?

prostaglandin E2

How would an extrathoracic obstruction be affected during inspiration?

airways will narrow as pressure is smaller than Patm

How would an extrathoracic obstruction be affected during expiration?

airways will enlarge as pressure is greater than Patm

Extrathoracic airway obstruction is exacerbated during...

inhalation

Intrathoracic airway obstruction is exacerbated during....

expiration