Hebrew Scriptures Final Review

Fall of Northern Kingdom

722-21 by Assyrian leaders Shalmaneser V and Sargon II

Fall of Southern Kingdom

587-86 BCE to Babylonian leader Nebuchadnezzar

Neo-Assyrian Empire

Ashur fell in 614 Nineveh fell in 612

Neo-Babylonian Empire

Fell in 539 to Persian leader Cyrus. The Last King was Nobidius and his son Belshazzar

National God of Israel

Yahweh

National God of Moab

Kemosh

National God of Ammon

Milkem

National God of Edom

Qos

Judges 19-21

darkest days in israel. Levite’s concubine was gang-rapes and mudered in a benjaminite city —> tribes of Israel are angry and almost extinct them but then feel bad and send wives for the remaining men.

Saul

The first King of Israel chosen by God and appointed by Samuel. Kingship is confirmed when he is victorious over Nahash the King of Ammon. He had two major sins consisting of offering a sacrifice without Samuel and refusal to destroy everything of the Amalekites which was ordered by God.

Eli

was a high priest at Shiloh and mentor to young Samuel. Had sons Hophni and Phinnenas who abused priestly roles

Elkanah

A levite who had two wives: Hannah (barren but eventually gave birth to Samuel) and Peninnah who had children and mocks Hannah.

Ark of the Covenant

wrongfully used a good luck charm for Israelite victory. Hophni and Phinehas were killed in battle and Eli died when he heard this news. Philistines steal the Ark but it causes misfortune —> the statue of their God Dagon falls —> return the Ark back to Israel. David brings it to Jerusalem and Uzzah touches it and dies.

David

a young shepard, son of Jesse, who killed Goliath and became King (Samuel 17). Another verse states that Elhanan killed Goliath (Samuel 21). The final verse made by the Chronicle states that Elhanan killed Goliath’s brother Lahmi (Chronicles 20:5).

Saul and Jonathan

They fight the Philistines on Mount Gilboa but are both ultimately killed. The Philistines disrespectfully hang Saul’s body but it is retrieved.

Absalom

the son of David who steals the throne from him. David feels Jerusalem and is cursed by Shimel. Joab, David’s general kills Absalom against David’s wishes

The Royal Apologia

a narrative strategy used to make David seem like a better person in the Bible. Committed adultery with Bathsheba and killed her husband Uriah. His son Amnon rapes Tamar. Absalom kills Amnon and takes the throne from David. Adonijah also tries to take the throne but Solomon is appointed instead

Solomon

Offers a sacrifice at Gibeon —> God comes to him in a dream and asks what he wants. He asks for wisdom and is rewarded with wealth and Honor. The two prostitutes: Solomon says they should split the baby and then gives it to the one who wants it to live.

Building of the First Temple

key part of Solomon’s reign. Queen Sheba visits and is amazed by Solomon’s wisdom and splendor.

Division of the Kingdoms

After Solomon’s death Rehoboam becomes King but everyone is mad that he doesn’t weaken a harsh reign. A new kingdom is formed under Jeroboam which was now Israel.

Omri

King of Northern Kingdom who established the capital as Samaria. Ahab was his son and he married Phoenician princess Jezebel.

The Battle of QarQar (Levantine Coalition)

key battle recorded on the Kurkh monolith. Ahab fought alongside Hadezer of damascus and Anthuleni of Hamat (Levantine Coalition against Shalmaneser III. The Assyrians won but this halted their expansion

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

Assyrian artifact that pays tribute to Jehu of Israel signifying a shift in Assyrian politics at some point.

Mesha Stele

was written by King Mesha of Moab about independence from Israel, Specifically King Omri.

Tel Dan Stele

Aramaic inscription that mentions the House of David and commemorates victory against Judah and Israel.

Elijah and Elisha

9th Century prophets in the northern Kingdom. Elijah confronted Ahab about his relationships with Jezebel and Baal worship and struck fire on Mount Carmel. Elisha was Elijah’s successor and was known for miracles and political involvement.

Syro-Ephraimite War

took place in 8th Century BCE due to Assyrian Imperialism under Tiglath Pileser III. Rezin the King of Damascus allied with Pekah of Israel but Ahaz the King of Judah refused. They planned to replace King fo Judah with “Son of Tabeel” but Ahaz ended up allying with Assyria against the advice of Prophet Isaiah. Assyria conquers Israel and Damascus and occupies Judah

First Isaiah

integral in advising Ahaz not to ally with Assyria. Had a prophetess wife and a son named Shear-Jashub.

Second Isaiah

Likely written in Babylonian exile, talks about seeking hope in the restoration of Israel.

Micah

Prophet of judah in the 8th Century who criticized corruption of Jerusalem’s leaders.

Amos

Prophet of the Northern Kingdom in the 9th Century who condemned oppressing the poor. Amaziah was suspicious of Amos and wanted him to go back to Judah

Isaiah 40-55

Referred to Cyrus the Great as the Messiah for conquering the Assyrians who had been occupying Judah. He gave them permission to rebuild their temple

Third Isaiah

post exilic period describing the rebuilding of Judah

Sennacherib

King of Assyria who invaded Judah which was under the rule of King Hezekiah. Sennacherib’s commander, Rab Shekah, gave a speech outside the falls of Jerusalem telling the people not to worship Yahweh or Hezekiah. Isaiah tells Hezekiah that they have divine protection and the Assyrian forces are stuck down suddenly. This event is supported by the Siloam Tunnel and inscriptions, records in Sennacherib’s palace, and the Sennacherib prism.

Northern Kingdom 8th Century Prophets

Amos and Hosea (wife was Gomer, and had children Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah, and Lo Amni.)

Southern Kingdom 8th Century Prophets

Isaiah and Micah

Southern Kingdom 7th Century Prophets

Zepheniah (warned about the coming days of the lord), Nahum (focused on the falling of Nineveh), Habakkuk (had a dialogue with god about eventual justice), and Jeremiah

Zedekiah

the last King of Judah and was replaced by babylonian governor Gedaliah

Lamentations

focuses on the grief of losing to Babylonia in 586 BCE. Includes acrostic poems

Obadiah

condemns Edom for celebrating Judah’s defeat and claims that they will be punished by Yahweh

Ezekiel

Sees God’s chariot while in Babylonian exile implying that Yahweh is not just bound to Jerusalem. Claims that they can be forgiven through repentance.

Second Temple

rebuilt in 516 BCE but destroyed by Romans in 70 CE.

Haggai

prophesied the rebuilding of the Temple and told people to prioritize God’s house over their own.

Zechariah

prophesied alongside Haggai telling Israelites that God had not left Jerusalem. Hd four visions including the horsemen, the four horns and four smiths. the man with a measuring line, and Joshua and the accuser.

Ha-satan

In Zechariah he is silences by God, In Job he challenges his righteousness, and in Chronicles he urges David to take a census.

Esther

set in Susa the city of Persia. Esther, who is Jewish, becomes queen in place of Vashti. Mordecai refuses to comply to Haman’s orders to destroy all Jews with the help of Esther —> Celebration of Purim.

Ezra

arrives in jerusalem in 458 BCE with permission from King Artaxerxes of Persia, where he taught the law and led religious reform.

Nehemiah

arrives in 445 and led the rebuilding of the walls.

Order of Persian Kings

Cyrus (conquered Babylon), Cambyses II (expanded Persian rule into Egypt), Darius I (ordered the rebuilding of the temple), Xerxes I (known for his invasion of Greece), Artaxerxes I (sent Ezra and Nehemiah to Jerusalem)

Ezra and Daniel

large blocks were written in Aramaic

Daniel 1-6

Daniel and his friends Shadrach, Meschach, and Abednego were Judeans living in exile who remained faithful to god and were rewarded.

Alexander the Great

Defeated Darius III of Persia, died in 323 BCE and his empire was divided into four sections: Egypt (Ptolemy, Mesopotamia and Syria (Seleucus), Macedonia and Greece (Cassander), and Asia Minor (Lysimachus).

Daniel 8

Occurs in Susa of Persia under the rule of Belshazzar contains the ram (persia) and goat (greece) metaphor about how the goats horn falls off but grows back as four (four divisions of the late Alexander’s empire).

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

A seleucid ruler who tried to impose Hellenistic culture on the Jews. In 167 they took the temple. This sparked the Maccabean revolt which led to the rededication in 164. This is how Hanukkah started.

Ruth

a Moabite woman who is the great grandmother of David which emphasizes inclusions of foreigners.

Jonah

tried to flee God and preach in Nineveh

Psalms

prayer and hymn book

Proverbs

A collection of wise sayings

Ecclesiastes

basically talks about how nothing matters and that we should focus on the small things in life

Song of Songs

A collection of graphic love poems thought to be a metaphor for how god views man.

Job

Suffering of the innocent

Chronicles

retells the history of Israel from a a lens of hopefulness and idealism. David debacle and ha-satan