Nervous System and Brain Quiz Review

Autonomic division

• Involuntary muscle control

Efferent division

• Sends impulses from the CNS to the muscles glands

Parasympathetic division

• Reduces sympathetic response + provides resting functions such as digestion + urination

Sensory division

• Sends impulses from the senses to the CNS

Somatic division

• Voluntary muscle control

Unipolar neurons

• Have ONE process

Bipolar neurons

• Has 2 processes

Multipolar neurons

• Has many processes

Afferent neurons

• Carry impulses toward the CNS

Efferent neurons

• Carry impulses away from CNS

Interneurons

• Connect afferent z+ efferent neurons

Neuroglia

• Supports, insulates, and protects neurons

Pathway of an impulse

• Nerve impulse: is an electrical signal that travels along the neuron

  • Arises from the movement of ions causing a change in electrical charges

What happens when the impulse reaches the end?

• It causes a release of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft

What charges are as the impulse travels through the neuron?

• Potassium diffuses out of the neuron (repolarization)

• The sodium-potassium pump then restores the ion concentrations to normal and the resting potential returns

The meninges of the brain:

• Dura mater: thick, tough layer

• Arachnoid membrane: thin cobweb layer

• Pia mater: thin layer containing lots of blood vessels

Ventricles of the brain

• Lateral ventricles: Connected to the third ventricle by thin interventricular formanen

  • 2 lateral v in each hemisphere

• Third ventricle:

  • diencephalon

• Fourth ventricle:

  • hindbrain

Frontal lobe

• Voluntary movements (walking)

• Reasoning + decision making

• Memory

• Ability to predict consequences of actions

• Planning

• Verbal communication (specifically in the Broca’s area)

Parietal lobe

• Sensations (pain, temperature, touch)

• Visual-spatial processing

• Body position

Occipital lobe

• Visual processing vision and memory of objects

Temporal lobe

• Memory

• Comprehension and pronounciation of words

• Sensations of smell and sound

• Emotional association of memories

Thalamus

• Relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for the processing and sorting

Hypothalamus

• Responsible for autonomic processes (body temp, metabolism, blood volume)

• Controls hormones released by the pituitary gland

• Part of the limbic system, which regulates emotions + feelings of pleasure (thirst, hunger, pain, sex)

Cerebellum

• Responsible for coordinating the movements directed by the cerebrum so they’re graceful and efficient (involuntary)

Brain stem

• Has 3 regions that relay information to the cerebrum and controls autonomic processes like breathing and heart rate

What happens in a reflex arc?

• Pre-programmed responses are called reflex and the pathway they travel through is the reflex arc

• Sensory neurons send electrical impulses to relay a neuron