Midterm II Cancer genetics

What are liabilities?

Describe the threshold model

What are environmental effects?

What is concordant vs discordant? Mendelian diseases with full penentrace should have very high _____ in MZ twins and _________ in Dizygotic twins

Environmentally determined diseas should have similar ______ in MZ and DZ

What is heritability?

Basically estimate of relative contribution of genetic variation and environmental factor

In which situation would you expect the heritability of a trait to be highest?

A reading ability in a community where access to schooling widely

B, Blood pressure where everybody follows the same diet and lifestyle

B

Describe association studies?

What is the Odds Ratio?

How does cleft lip/palate form?

What is the palate formed from?

When does it happen?

What are some environmental factors for cleft lip and cleft palate?

What are some candidate genes?

Folic acids needed to develop nucleotides

DSescribe susceptibility genes for breast cancer

In common diseases we have _____ genes not _______ genes

What is BRCA1? What about GSM1? Which is rarer? Which is deadlier?

How is cancer a genetic disease? What type of mutations are there?

What is a carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma?

What kinds of leukemias are there

Chronic affects precurorers that are more differntiated and are therefore slower

Acute leukemias affect early progenitor cells

Nature vs Nurture

Describe the cancer incidence of the world for males and females?

What is the purpose of twin studies?

In what cancer is there minimal evidence of genetic effects compared to environmental?

Describe Cell proliferation and Cell Death. What pathways restrain cell cycle transitions?

What are oncogenes?

What are oncosuppressors?

What do proto-oncogenes and onco-supperssors do normally do? Do they need gain of function or loss of function to increase proliferation?

What are the functions of oncogenes?

What factors may oncogenes be involved with?

What is the HER2 gene? What does it code for? What does amplification of this gene do? What are some treatments?

Can make the cell divide even if there is no growth factor present

What are Tumor supressors? What are their roles?

Most cancer-related genes are tumor suppressors

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes coding for proteins for repairing daamaged DNA, or destroying cells if the DNA cannot be reeparied BRCA 1 and BRCA2 are

A. Oncogenes

B. Oncosuppressors

C. Both

D. Neither