challenges of an urbanising world

Explain one reason for the rapid growth of cities in many developing and emerging countries. (2)

rural to urban migration

due to more job opportunities

Explain two reasons why the population of some cities falls over time. (4)

• Overcrowding in cities
  encourages people to migrate to rural areas where it is quieter'

• Rural areas have lower crime rates
  leading to counter-urbanisation

For a named megacity in either an emerging or developing country, explain two ways its location has influenced its growth.

• Mumbai is on the coast, enabling it to develop a major port

• In the west, can utilise Suez Canal for shipping, encouraging investment from TNCs

Many megacities are experiencing rapid population growth. For a named megacity, assess the social and environmental challenges caused by rapid population growth for people living in this city.

(8)

• rapid population inc lead to overcrowding, lack of sanitation and clean water

• clean water unavailable in day, forcing purchases from vendors

• disease

• rapid pop growth leads to urban traffic, more air pollutants and can cause respiratory issues

• more informal sector

• life expectancy low in squatter settlements

• waste disposal issues

Explain one cause of counter-urbanisation

high crime rates in urban areas may encourage people to move to rural areas

Explain two factors that influence urban land use.

• Land in CBD is very expensive, so often only businesses can afford property here

• Land is cheaper in the suburbs so residential areas dominate here

Explain one impact of regeneration on the number of people living in urban areas.

causes the population to increase as jobs are created which encourages migration into the area

Explain two advantages of bottom-up strategies in a named megacity in a developing or emerging country

Bottom up: he LSS charity in Mumbai improves sanitation which has led to the improved health of local people
Top Down: Vision Mumbai - aimed to rehome thousands living in squatter settlements by building new apartments

Explain one difference between formal and informal employment.

Formal jobs often have employment health and safety guidance in place as it is a legal requirement

Explain one reason why squatter settlements develop in megacities in developing and emerging countries.

New migrants may not be able to afford housing in the area, so may resort to building settlements using low cost materials

For a named megacity, explain two advantages of a government-led top-down development strategy

Vision Mumbai provided piped water and sewerage to newly constructed flats

This improved the health of the local residents

Define the term megacity.

a city with a population of 10 million or more

Explain two reasons why there is a high percentage of people working in informal employment in cities in developing countries.

• often lack the skills required in formal jobs because of a poor education

• shortage of formal jobs caused my rapid urban migration

Explain two reasons why de-industrialisation may occur.

growth of tertiary / quaternary sectors can lead to jobs in manufacturing being less attractive

Explain why the rapid growth of megacities shown in Figure 7 may cause social challenges.

Housing shortages

result in people living in squatter settlements

without access to basic services