AP European History Unit 9

the world was divided into 3 groups, the world lives with the threat of nuclear war, the massive destruction in Europe and in Japan, formation of the United Nation, and end of imperialism

What was the problems that result after WW2?

3; Communist Bloc, Free World Bloc, and Non-Aligned Nations

How many groups was the world divided into after WW2? What were they?

Soviet Union

Who led the Communist Bloc?

United States

Who led the Free World Bloc?

Nations that didn't belong to the Communist or Free World Bloc

What was the Non-Aligned Nations?

The Satellites of the Soviet Union; the countries orbit around the Soviet Union, everything has to do with the SU

What was the communist countries of eastern Europe called after WW2? Why were they called that?

Yugoslavia, which was non-aligned but they were still Communist, because their ruler wasn't afraid of Joseph Stalin at all

What country was the only exception of the world division after WW2?

1949

When did the SU develop their own nuclear weapons?

the international peace keeping organization

What is the United Nations?

The Charter for the U.N. was drawn up by 5 countries: United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and the Republic of China

How many countries drew up the charter for the U.N.? Who were they?

the European countries couldn't afford to keep colonies, because they were too deeply in debt and they are going to have to spend an enormous amount of money to rebuild from WW2

Why did imperialism end at the end of WW2?

Some colonies were allowed to become independent or Colonies were made UN mandates, meaning the United Nation will govern a colony, preparing it to become independent

What 2 ways did the countries give up their colonies after WW2?

India and Egypt

What colonies did GB allow to be independent?

Jordan, Syria, Iraq

What are some examples of some colonies as UN mandates?

1940s

When was the Nuremburg Trials?

Nazi War Crime Trials

What was the Nuremburg Trials also known as?

a new category was created called Crimes Against Humanity because there were no national laws that deals with the Nazi, this set a precedent that the German government did things so horrible that someone has to be held accountable. They (US, GB, France, SU) didn't want to humiliate Germany, they just wanted the German people to understand that they wanted justice not vengeance, so the trials were held in Germany

What was the Nuremburg Trials?

Of the 36 defendants, 33 are found guilty. The 3 guys found innocent proved that they didn't make any decisions, they were just following orders. Of the 33, 12 are executed, who were found to be directly responsible for the death camps (either in the New Order or Final Solution) (actually 13 people but 1 committed suicide). Others found guilty were put in prison for different years

What was the result of the Nuremburg Trials?

in Greece and Turkey right after WW2; Communist groups in both countries (Greece and Turkey) rebel against their freely elected governments (SU is supplying them). Greece and Turkey appeal to the US for help, because if they don't get help, Greece and Turkey will lose, so the US respond with a policy that helps Greece and Turkey and becomes a US policy in the 20th century called the Truman Doctrine, which says the US will provide financial aid to any country that is being threatened by Communist take over. The Greek and Turks are successful in defeating the Communist rebels

What was the first time of the U.S. going against Communism? What happened?

United States; the US respond with a policy that helps Greece and Turkey and becomes a US policy in the 20th century called the Truman Doctrine, which says the US will provide financial aid to any country that is being threatened by Communist take over

How does Greece and Turkey appeal for help after WW2 when the Communist group in the countries rebelled against the government? What does the United States do?

the US will provide financial aid to any country that is being threatened by Communist take over

What did the Truman Doctrine say?

in Greece and Turkey conflict after WW2 when Communist groups rebelled the government

When did the Truman Doctrine first appear?

$400 million

How much does the United State give (not a loan) to Greece and Turkey?

yes because of help from the United States

Were the Greeks and Turks successful in putting down Communist revolt after WW2?

European Recovery Act

What is the Marshall Plan also called?

American Secretary of State came up with this

Why was the European Recovery Act also called the Marshall Plan?

Under this plan, the United States created a pool of $13 billion that European country could pull from to rebuild from WW2 (loan at 1% interest)

What was the Marshall Plan/European Recovery Act?

the Communist bloc didn't take any money except for Yugoslavia

Who didn't take money from the Marshall Plan?

to prevent spread of Communism (so most of money wasn't paid back but the U.S. didn't care)

What was the objective of the Marshall Plan?

Containment

What was the strategy used by the United States toward Communism in the 20th century?

says the US will not interfere with Communist government already in place, but will simply work to keep Communism from spreading

What is the Containment strategy?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact

What was the mutual defense alliances formed during the 1940s?

Mutual defense alliance involving the United States, Canada, and the Free countries of Western Europe

What was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

to prevent the spread of Communism into Western Europe

What was the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

Purpose was defensive, but the Communist saw it as offensive, so the Communist respond to NATO by forming the Warsaw Pact

How did the Communist see the NATO? What did they do about it?

Mutual defense alliance between the Soviet Union and i's satellite countries to prevent the Free World from invading Eastern Europe

What was the Warsaw Pact?

as offensive alliance

How did the NATO see the Warsaw Pact?

Soviet Union

Who dominated the Warsaw Pact?

no, even though they were the most powerful

Does the United States ever dominate or try to dominate the NATO?

a war of words between the United States and the Communist Block with the goal of control world public opinion

What is the Cold War?

non-aligned countries to convince them to be on their bloc, so that's why the U.S. and SU tried to control world public opinion

Who did the U.S. and the SU go after in the Cold War? Why?

propaganda

What was the weapon used for the Cold War?

the SU

Who won the Cold War in the area of propaganda?

our government didn't control the propaganda, whereas the SU couldn't speak out against their government

What was the SU's advantage of propaganda in the Cold War?

Freedom of press

What was the disadvantage of the Free World Bloc in the Cold War?

Ronald Reagan

When did the Cold War turn in favor for the United States?

4 zones: east Germany was Communist-SU, 1 zone to France, 1 to United States, and 1 to British

After WW2, how many zones was Germany divided into? Who controlled each one?

West Berlin and East Berlin, but surrounded by the Soviet Union zone (West Berlin controlled by France, US, GB)

After WW2, how was Berlin divided up?

Germany will become Communist

What was Stalin's vision for Germany after WW2?

built a railroad and a highway

What did Stalin do to allow West Germany to get supplies?

the US, GB, and France were ready to leave Germany, but didn't want Germany to be divided into thirds, they decide that they won't leave until West Germany becomes an independent country

What did the U.S., GB, and France do in 1948?

because then Germany wouldn't be unified under the Communist country that he wanted

When the U.S., GB, and France want West Germany to become independent, why did it anger Stalin?

Berlin; because of the U.S., GB, and France wanted West Germany to be independent, but the SU didn't because Stalin couldn't unite it to be a communist country

What does the entire Cold War revolve around? Why?

Stalin cuts the highway and rail line going to West Berlin, which also punishes West Berlin

What does Stalin do to prevent West Germany from becoming independent?

President Harry Truman of the United States decides they aren't going to leave West Berlin, because they didn't want it to fall into Communism

Why didn't the United States leave West Berlin, even though they wanted to?

not to fall into Communism and help other countries to not fall into communism

Why became the United States' policy in the 20th century for communism?

flying

What was the only option to bring supplies to West Berlin?

to get supplies into West Berlin, an airline full of supplies has to take off from West Germany every 3 minutes for sun up to sun down every single day, which took lots of resources and money

What was the Berlin Air Lift?

July 1949-end of May 1950; 11 months

How long and when was the Berlin Air Lift?

French, British, and Americans

Who won the Berlin Air Lift?

Stalin reopens the railroad and highway to West Berlin

What happened May 30, 1949 in Germany?

May 30, 1949

When did Stalin reopens the railroad and highway to West Berlin?

denazification

What was the policy did both East and West Germany have?

anyone with any ties to the Nazi Party is not allow to serve in any government offices

What is denazification?

denazification

anyone with any ties to the Nazi Party is not allow to serve in any government offices

Communist

After WW2, when the Communist and Nationalists in China resumed their Civil War, who won?

they are going to form the Communist nation called the People's Republic of China, who's leader was Mao Zedong

What happens on mainland China after the civil war?

The Nationalist were shot if they stayed in China, so the Nationalist and their leader, Chiang Kai Shek, moved to the island of Taiwan and formed the Democratic Republic of China

What did the Nationalists do after the civil war in China?

because of the protection of the United States

Why did the Democratic Republic of China exist?

2

After WW2, how many colonies did France keep?

because of rubber

Why did France keep Vietnam as a colony?

rubber

What was one of the most valuable commodities in the 1940s-1950s?

Ho Chi Minh

resented the fact that France controlled Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

went to China to study Mao Zedong's methods because he won the civil war

Ho Chi Minh

forms the Vietminh

a guerilla warfare group to liberate Vietnam

What is the Vietminh?

communism

What does Ho Chi Minh use as a tool to get soldiers into his army?

Vietminh fighting against the French army

Who fought against each other in the 1st Vietnam War (Vietnam 1)?

The Vietminh are trying to get the French to pull out because it was too costly of resources and men (not exactly killing all of them)

What was the Vietminh trying to do in the 1st Vietnam War?

The French wanted to stop fighting, but the United States told the French that they had to keep fighting to stop the spread of communism

Why did the French keep fighting the 1st Vietnam War?

Vietnam is divided into Communist North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, and South Vietnam, which is a "democratic republic" (reality it was a dictatorship like North Vietnam-NEVER a real democratic republic)

What was the result of the 1st Vietnam War?

no; dictatorship

What South Vietnam ever a democratic republic? What were they really?

it wasn't a communist dictatorship

Why did the countries accept South Vietnam, even though it was a dictatorship?

The Holocaust

What was the catalyst for following through on Zionism?

After WW2, the new United Nations forms a committee to study the feasibility to creating a Jewish state in Palestine, in which they selected an American to let this committee named Ralph Bunche

What does the United Nations do after WW2 in regards to Palestine?

Ralph Bunche

First African American to receive an academic scholarship to Yale

how to get the land for the Jews (they couldn't take it because the Palestine's had controlled the land for 1800 years)

What was the problem for creating a Jewish state in Palestine?

It can be done, you can peacefully build a Jewish state in Palestine, To do it peacefully, all of the Palestinians have to be willing to spend their land and well compensated, It has to be accomplished slowly, in the estimated time frame is 12 years

What did the committee led by Ralph Bunche conclude?

Nobel Peace Prize

What does Ralph Bunche get in 1949?

The Jews weren't patient and they poured into Palestine, even though there were no land to buy, which puts pressure on the Palestinians (some sold land, but they weren't happy)

Why didn't the plan for the Jews in Palestine worked?

the Jews in Palestine proclaim the newly independent Jewish state of Israel

What happened in 1948?

1948

When did the Jews in Palestine proclaim the newly independent Jewish state of Israel?

The Israeli government starts to pass laws that moves the Palestinians out by force

What did the Israeli government do that created hard feelings with the Palestinians?

land

What was the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians (Israelis and Arabs) over?

1949

When was the first Arab-Israeli War?

the Israelis always win

What did all of the Arab-Israeli Wars have in common?

Konrad Adenauer

Who was the first chancellor of West Germany?

Konrad Adenauer

Who was the architect of the economic miracle

Konrad Adenauer

His government is going to led West Germany into being the 5th most powerful economy in the world in less than 10 years

1953

When did Joseph Stalin die?