HGAP F24

Reference Maps

Show locations of places and geographic features (e.g., political, physical maps).

Thematic Maps

Display specific data or trends (e.g., choropleth, dot-density, cartogram, isoline).

Map Distortion

Types of distortion (shape, area, distance, direction) caused by projection.

Mercator Projection

Preserves direction, distorts size near poles (e.g., Greenland appears larger).

Peters Projection

Focuses on relative size but distorts shape.

Robinson Projection

Balances distortions, commonly used in classrooms.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

Captures, stores, analyzes geographic data.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Uses satellites to determine absolute location.

Site

Physical characteristics of a location (e.g., climate, soil, water sources).

Situation

Location relative to other places (e.g., accessibility, connections).

Absolute Location

Precise location using coordinates (latitude and longitude).

Relative Location

Position in relation to other places.

Environmental Determinism

Belief that the environment dictates human behavior.

Possibilism

Belief that humans adapt to and modify the environment.

Formal Region

Defined by uniform characteristics (e.g., language, climate).

Functional Region

Defined by a focal point or activity (e.g., metro area, newspaper circulation).

Perceptual (Vernacular) Region

Based on shared perceptions (e.g., 'the South').

Local Scale

Focus on a community or neighborhood.

Regional Scale

Focus on larger areas like states or provinces.

Global Scale

Focus on the entire world.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of population by age and gender.

Fertility Rate

Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1,000 people annually.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people annually.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Growth rate of a population (CBR - CDR).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Replacement Level Fertility

TFR needed for a population to replace itself (2.1 in developed countries).

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the stages of population change over time.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes the changes in patterns of morbidity and mortality.

Push Factors

Negative conditions driving migration (e.g., conflict, natural disasters).

Pull Factors

Positive conditions attracting migrants (e.g., jobs, safety).

Centripetal Forces

Unite a country (e.g., shared religion, language).

Centrifugal Forces

Divide a country (e.g., ethnic conflicts).

Colonialism

Establishing settlements and control over territories.

Imperialism

Extending influence over foreign lands.

Devolution

Transfer of power to regional governments.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.

Supranational Organizations

Organizations that transcend national boundaries (e.g., UN, EU).