General Biology Exam 2 Vocabulary

Vertebrates

with backbone

- internal skeleton (bones)

- well-developed central nervous system

Polyp and medusa stages share a similar body plan:

- radial symmetry

- a mouth/anus,

- a gastrovascular cavity

- two tissue layers (epidermis and gastrodermis) separated by a jelly-like mesoglea.

Green Plants

have chlorophyll b,

- starch storage

Spore Walls

tough, multilayered protective coverings, which protects the dormant cells from drying out and decaying

Vascular Plants

Tracheophyte

- large

- more independent of a moist environment

- vascular system - support, mechanism to transport nutrients

-Phloem

- Xylem

- independent sporophyte

Sori

clusters of sporangia, which are structures that contain and release spores for reproduction in ferns and other seedless vascular plants

Fruits

the mature ovary of a flowering plant that typically contains seeds and develops after fertilization

Cotyledon

the first leaf or leaves to emerge from a seed, also called a seed leaf.

- providie stored nutrients to the young plant before it can produce its own true leaves

Herbivores

eat plants or parts of plants

Motile

moving

Protostomes

- blastospore develops in mouth

- ventral nerve cord

- triploblastic

- bilaterally symmetrical

External Appendages

1. Locomotion

2. Antenna sensory

3. Capturing prey

4. Chewing food

5. Reproduction

Scyphozoans

- Medusa dominates the life cycle (Polyp stage relatively short)

- Cnidocytes - food capture

Ex. Jelly fish

Life Cycle of Hydrozoans

Medusa -> Meiosis -> egg + sperm (n) -> Fertilization -> Zygote -> Planula larva -> Polyp (colonial) -> budding -> Medusa

Earthworms

- Coelomate

- Segmented

- Lack a rigid, external protective surface

- Nervous System - brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia in each segment (touch, light, vibration, and chemical receptors along entire body)

- Circulatory System - closed (high metabolic activity)

- Respiratory System - diffusion through the skin

- Digestive System - mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> crop -> gizzard -> intestine -> anus

- Two sets of muscles - circular and longitudinal muscle + hydrostatic skeleton make movement

- Reproduction - hermaphrodites

Mollusk

- foot - highly muscular (locomotion)

- Mantle

- Visceral mass

- much-reduced coelom

- Radula

- Gills - highly vascularized (gas exchange)

- Mantle cavity

Visceral Mass

the central body part that contains most of its internal organs

Hemocoel

the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid.

- only in open circulatory system

Book Gills

external, flap-like appendages in aquatic arthropods that facilitate gas exchange with water.

Crustaceans

- Three body regions:

- Head - 5 pair of appendages (2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs of mouth parts)

- Thorax - multiple segments, one pair of appendages per segment

- Abdomen - multiple segments, one pair of appendages per segment

Ex. Krill, Lobster, Shrimp, Crab

Chondrichthyans

Cartilaginous Fishes, prominent vertebrae

- Jaws: Transform from Jawless to Jawed fishes (Evolved from gill arches)

- Cartilaginous skeleton - main support, distinct

- Flexible and leathery skin

- Paired fins - unjointed, help control swimming (Pelvic and Pectoral fins)

- Gill Slits - 5-7 slits with no gill covering

- Mostly marine

- Two-chambered heart - atrium -> ventricle -> gill -> body (repeat)

- Sharks are both filter feeders and predators

Ex. Sharks, rays, chimaera

Atrium

an upper chamber of the heart that acts as a receiving area for blood returning to the heart

Operculum

A bony flap that covers and protects the gills and helps in respiration by pumping water over them for gas exchange

Amphibians Moving Toward Land

- Lunglike sacs - help gills with gas exchange

- Limbs - pelvic + pectoral fins -> more muscular -> jouned to body by single enlarged bone -> lobe-limbed -> limbed

Plantae

have chloroplast

Land Plants

Also known as embryophytes

- protected embryo

- cuticle

- thick-walled spores

- gamentangia

= multicellular sporophyte

Red Algae

Plantae

- Almost all multicellular

- chloroplast

- phyoerytherin (more depth = more red)

Green Algae

Range from unicellular to colonial to multicellular

Chlamydomonas

Green Algae

- Aquatic

- Unicellular

- Chloroplast

- Flagella (locomotion)

- superficially located stigma - positive phototaxis

Volvox

Green Algae

- Colonial (500-6000 cells)

- Flagella (locomotion)

- Stigma - positive phototaxis

Sea Lettuce

Green Algae

- Multicellular

- Sheet-like

- Food Products

Stoneworts

Green Algae

- closest relative of land plants

- Plasmodesmata - joined together by adjacent cells

- Similarities in the details of mitosis and cytokinesis

- Growth is branching and apical (at the tips)

- Gene sequence

Challenge of Land Plants

Lack of H2O on land

Cuticles

a protective, waxy, non-cellular layer on the surface of leaves and stems that minimizes water loss and prevents drying out

Stomata

microscopic pores on the surface of plant leaves and stems that facilitate gas exchange

Gametangia

the specialized organs or cells in plants where gametes (sex cells) are produced.

Embryos

protected earliest stage of development after fertilization

Pigments

an organic compound that gives a characteristic color to a plant and plays a vital role in photosynthesis and protection from UV

Mutually beneficial association with fungi

where fungi help plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil, while the plants provide the fungi with sugars produced during photosynthesis

Sporophyte

multicellular diploid stage (2n)

Sporangia

a reproductive structure in which spores are produced

Spores

reproductive units, often single-celled and resistant (n)

Sporocytes

a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores (2n -> n)

Gametophyte

multicellular haploid stage (n)

- develop from a spore by mitosis

- produce haploid gametes by mitosis

Mitosis

process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell (n -> n)

Meiosis

reduces the number of chromosomes by half, creating four genetically unique haploid gametes from a single diploid cell

(2n -> n)

Fertilization

where male and female gametes (sperm and egg) unite to form a single cell called a zygote (n + n -> 2n)

Zygote

develops into multicellular diploid plant via mitosis

Nonvascular Land Plants

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Characteristics of Nonvascular land plants

- Small, no transport (water from capillary action)

- Damp, shady habitat

- no vascular transport system (H2O minerals through diffusions)

Antheridia

male reproductive organ (gametangia) in non-flowering plants, produce and hold sperm cells via mitosis

Archegonia

female reproductive organ (gametangia) in non-flowering plants, produce and hold single egg cell via mitosis

Phloem

transports sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant for growth and storage

Xylem

transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while also providing mechanical support. (lignin)

Fronds

a large, divided leaf, most prominently found in ferns

Homospory

One type of spore is produce

Heterospory

Two types of spore is produced (Megaspore and microspore)

Seed Plants

- Seed

- Sporophyte less dependent on the gametophyte

- Pollination

- Secondary Growth

Seed

fertilized ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm, containing an embryonic plant and stored food

Pollination

transfer of pollen to the female reproductive structure from the male structure

What accounts for the success of seeds?

- Distribution

- withstand harsh environments

- Germinate under appropriate conditions

- Nourishment

Gymnosperms

"naked seeds", which are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit but are instead exposed on the surface of structures like cones

Cones

reproductive structure in gymnosperms made of scales that bear ovules or pollen

Conifers

- have cones

- no swimming sperm

Megastrobilus

female, seed-bearing cone of a gymnosperm. A reproductive structure characterized by spore-bearing leaves or scales clustered along a central axis

Microstrobilus

male cone, or pollen cone, of a gymnosperm plant. This reproductive structure produces and contains microspores, which develop into pollen grains.

Ovule

Contains megasporangium and integument

- structure within the ovary of seed plants that contains the female gametophyte (the embryo sac) and, after fertilization, develops into a seed

Pollen Grain

male gametophyte

- microscopic, hard-walled structure containing the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants, essential for sexual reproduction.

- have tube cell (make pollen tube) and generative cell (make 2 sperm cells)

Mature seed (Winged Seed) consists of three generations of tissues:

- Seed Coat (Integument from original sporophyte generation)

- Food Reserves (From Megagametophyte)

- Embryo (From new sporophyte generation)

Integument

the outer covering of an organism or organ, serving as a protective barrier between the internal environment and the external world

Angiosperms

- most numerous type of plant

a flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed within a protective fruit, which developed from the ovary of the flower

Flower

the specialized reproductive structure of flowering plants, containing both male and female parts.

Sepals

the outermost, typically green, leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the developing flower bud before it opens.

Calyx

the outermost whorl of a flower, composed of leaf-like structures called sepals

Petals

one of the modified leaves that typically form a brightly colored part of a flower's corolla, serving to attract pollinators for reproduction.

Stamen

the male reproductive part of a flower, composed filament and an anther.

Carpel

the female reproductive structure in flowering plants, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Filament

stalk of a stamen in a flower that supports the anther.

Anther

the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen, the male reproductive cell.

Stigma

the part of a flower's female reproductive organ where pollen lands.

Style

the slender, stalk-like structure of a flower's pistil (carpel) that connects the stigma (where pollen lands) to the ovary (which contains the ovules).

Ovary

the enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female reproductive organ of a flower, that contains the ovules.

- becomes the fruit

Double Fertilization

a unique process in flowering plants (angiosperms) where two sperm cells from a single pollen grain fertilize two different structures within the female gametophyte: one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid embryo, and the second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell to form the triploid endosperm

Pollen Tube

a slender, tube-like structure that grows from a pollen grain after it lands on a flower's stigma to deliver the sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization

Receptacle

a structure that serves as a base or container for other organs or parts

Advantages of Fruits

- protection from desiccation

- aid in seed dispersal

Simple Fruit

a fruit that develops from a single ovary of a single flower.

Examples of Simple Fruit

walnuts, hazelnuts, cherries, tomatoes, oranges, peas, peaches

Aggregate Fruit

a fruit that develops from a single flower with multiple ovaries.

- Each ovary matures into a small fruit, and these individual fruits cluster together to form the larger aggregate fruit

Example of Aggregate Fruit

Blackberry, Raspberry

Multiple Fruit

type of fruit that develops from a cluster of flowers that merge into a single, cohesive structure.

- Each individual fruitlet comes from the ovary of a separate flower, but they fuse together to form one larger fruit.

Examples of Multiple Fruit

Pineapples, mulberries

Accessory Fruit

a fruit that develops from tissue other than the ovary, incorporating other parts of the flower

- fleshy part derived from the ovary from adjacent non-ovarian tissue

Examples of Accessory Fruits

Apples, Pears, Strawberries

Monocots

- one cotyledon

- parallel leaf veins

- vascular bundle scattered in stem

- flower parts arranged in multiples of 3's

Dicots

- two cotyledon

- net-like leaf veins

- vascular bundle form a ring

- flower parts arranged in multiples of 4's & 5's

(Pollen with three grooves)

Endosperm

the nutrient-rich tissue in a seed that provides nourishment to the developing embryo

- food storage tissue

Difference in Seed from Spore

- Seed -> sporophyte

- has: seed coat, nutritive tissue, new sporophyte

- multiple cells

- seed is formed by mitosis

Difference in Spore from Seed

- Spore -> gametophyte

- Unicellular

- Seed is formed by meiosis

Life Cycle of Moss

Dominate Stage - Gameotphyte

- Sporophyte physically attached and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte

Gametophyte -> Gametangia (Antheridia and Archegonia) -> Egg + Sperm (+ H2O) -> Fertilization -> Zygote -> Sporophyte -> Sporangium -> Sporocytes -> Meiosis -> Spores -> Protonema + Rhizoid -> Gametophyte (Repeat)