Staar review

Spoils System

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power: IMPACT : Civil Service Exams - Merit System established for Civil service employees

John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

Amazingly wealthy PHILANTHROPIST and founder of the Standard OIL Company, which formed a monopoly on the oil market through horizontal and vertical integration and LIMITED COMPETITION among other entrepreneurs

American Dream

The widespread belief that the United States is a land of OPPORTUNITIES and that individual initiative and hard work (JOBS)= economic success.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

placed a ban on all new immigrants from China B/C loss of Jobs: IMPACT - Increased Nativism & Anti- Immigrant Attitudes

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US helped complete the SETTLEMENT of the WEST

Dawes Act of 1887

Sought to "Americanize" Native Americans. and ASSIMILATE them into US culture - Put Indian children into schools

Bessemer Steel Process

A new way to create steel that led to mass production of steel IMPACT: Building of Skyscrapers

Child Labor Act

prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old due to the Progressive Movement

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs Still in existence as the FDA.- due to Progressive Movement, Muckrakers, Upton Sinclair

Alexis de Tocqueville

*Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality and INDIVIDUALISM

15th, 19th, 26th Amendments

black males gain the right to vote women gain the right to vote. - 18 year olds gain the right to vote. SUFFRAGE Amendment

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force - US INTERVENES in Western Hemisphere

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Strategic Military reasons & valuable resources - gained after the Spanish American War

Lusitania (1915)

passenger ship sunk by Germany to get US involved in WW1 - used as propaganda to join the war... made Germany the enemy

Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924)

did not want to join the league of nations to protect American Sovereignty - wanted to avoid Foreign conflict

Spanish-American War (1898)

Conflict between the U.S. and Spain that began the rise of the U.S. as a world power. The U.S. gained possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, resulted in GROWTH in Trade and Resources.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

laws that enacted harsh punishments against anyone who opposed participation in the war? RESULTED in Limiting of Constitutional Rights during War

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote - women now began participating in political processes, such as the temperance movement

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association to increase racial pride and promote black nationalism, pride and economic Independence by supporting Black owned businesses and culture

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

Ford revolutionized the efficiency of manufacturing with the assembly faster, cheaper and with less labor. in the 1920's

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s of the celebration of African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished, IMPACT: literacy rates increased, Great Migration, 1st Civil Rights movement

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks, increase in tariffs, Bank Failures, Resulted in Massive unemployment, homelessness

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This corporation insured individual bank deposits

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired/aided unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects - combated unemployment during the Great Depression

Court Packing Plan

FDR's failed plan to pack the court with hand picked judges because it would have weakened the principal of separation of powers

Pearl Harbor, 1941

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, brought US into WWII. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

This was the final event of World War II. The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Japan surrendered unconditionally soon after.

War Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to Americans pay for the costs of World War II

Homefront during WWII

Increase in Women Workforce, War Industry, Rationing of Supplies and Taxes

Korean War (1950-1953)

began as civil war b/w North and South Korea (quickly became international when, under Truman,, the United Nations & US joined to support South Korea to STOP the SPREAD of COMMUNISM

G.I. Bill, 1944

Provided for college or educational training and home loans for WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation.

Sputnik (1957)

The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets. Started space race along with an increased push in Math and Science

Rock and Roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s, musical diversity is an outcome

Jonas Salk Vaccine

prevented and eradicated dangerous diseases such as polio

Vietnam War

between the communist armies of North who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South who were supported by the United States who joined the war to prevent the spread of communism

Military Draft

A system of required military service during WWI and Vietnam war to ensure our military had enough young men to adequately fight the war

War Powers Act of 1973

President can send troops immediately, but must report to Congress and power is limited to 60 days - as a result of the Vietnam War = Checks and Balances

Roy Benavidez

Awarded the Medal of Honor for saving fellow soldiers in Vietnam War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites... were impacted by the Civil Rights Amendments of the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Black Panthers (1966)

believed violence was only way; war for minorities; Huey Newton leader, provided protection to neighborhoods, free breakfast and lunch programs to African American Students

Civil Rights Movement

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens and END SOCIAL INJUSTICES, such as segregation and violence and racial discrimination against African Americans and people of color - IMPACT - Diversity in education, workplace, military and end to racial segregation

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. IMPACT: Led to desegregation of schools with the Brown V Board of Ed. Decision

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Established separate but equal is LEGAL

Chicano Mural Movement

Brings attention to Latino Civil Rights problems and part of an effort to reinvigorate Hispanic cultural heritage and the injustices in education and society towards Hispanic Americans

Detente with China

peace/reduction in hostility exchange visits and agree for cooperation 1972 between Nixon and Mao Zedong

Iran-Contra Affair

scandal including arms sales during Ronald Reagan's presidency to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected and placed an embargo on the selling of Weapons to Iran.

Endangered Species Act

a 1973 U.S. act designed to protect plant and animal species from extinction

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. - IMPACT - America must look for other forms of fuel due to price hikes and scarcity of fuel

Automobiles & Safety Standards

to protect consumer and driver when operating the motor vehicle: to improve on survival rates when in crashes

Developments and Achievements of the Millennium

First African American Presidents, Cell Phones, Internet & Streaming, Social Media

Results of September 11, 2001

US Patriot Act, Department of Homeland Security, War in Afghanistan

Barack Obama elected, 2008

First African American president. Affordable Care Act (AKA "Obamacare") extended health care to millions but was controversial. Financial reform

Sam Walton

the most successful discount retailer and the founder of Wal-Mart - in both urban and rural markets he helped the economy by creating jobs

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States, killing nearly 2000 Americans. ravaged the Gulf Coast, of New Orleans which sits below sea level and flooded due to a break in the levee system, in late August of 2005.

Sun Belt

southern and western states that offered a warm climate year-round and low tax rates, job opportunities and lower cost of living

population growth

increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state that can cause damage to area ecosystems

Patriot Act (2001)

Law responding to 9/11. Expands anti-terrorist powers (wiretapping, surveillance); 4th Amendment concern for civil liberties such as right to privacy

Cultural Diffusion

The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.

Social Reform Movement

make a change that betters society for the poor, the enslaved and for women, (Women's Christian Temperance Movement, Child Labor Committees, Black Panthers, NAACP)

Internet Technologies

Work together to provide information and services over the Internet, including a variety of protocols, hardware, and software. which impact the cost & efficiency of workers and businesses in a positive manner

Free enterprise System

An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference. such as technological innovations to make better products

Unalienable Rights

rights that cannot be taken away

Voting

a way for the electorate to select candidates for political office through researching the politicians and becoming informed of policies and political beliefs

Labor Unions and Strikes

groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of détente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Americanization movement

designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture

Effects of Spanish American War

The US becomes a world power economically and politically, Spain lost all claims to Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico, Expansionists and Imperialists were happy

Fireside Chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.