25-26 Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide (HHS)

These flashcards cover key concepts in ecology, cell biology, and biochemistry as outlined in the study guide.

Food Chain

A single path of energy flow through an ecosystem between organisms.

Food Web

A complex network of feeding relationships that shows how energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

Levels in an energy pyramid that represent different feeding positions in a food chain.

10% Rule

A principle stating that only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid.

Carnivore

An organism that only eats animals.

Herbivore

An organism that only eats plants.

Omnivore

An organism that eats both plants and animals.

Detritivore

An organism that eats dead organic material.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain.

Limiting Factors

Resources and conditions that restrict the growth of a population.

Abiotic

Non-living components of the environment.

Biotic

Living components of the environment.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Photosynthesis

A process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Mutation

An error in the code of a protein that can affect its function.

Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules essential for life, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.