AP U.S History Domestic Development Part One: The Progressives, The Roaring 20s, and the Depression/New Deal

Who were the Progressives and where did the progressive ideology originate from

A diverse group of people (who emerged in all parties, all regions, and all levels of government) who advocated the use of the state as a funnel for social reform and divergent aims to modernise America.

Progressive ideology found its roots in the Greenback Labour Party of the 1870s, the Populists of the 1890s, and the belief that the new industrial economy, society, and way of life outgrew the laissez-faire policy of Jefferson.

What problems did the progressives attack

• The Trusts: Centres of Corruption and Wrongdoing

  • Henry Demarcate Lord - wrote wealth against the commonwealth, which attacked Standard Oil

  • William Jennings Bryan, Altgeld, and the populists attacked the trusts

• The Rich: Engaged in predatory wealth

  • The theory of the leisure class: Thorstein Veblen

• Growing Inequality: Slums and wealth disparity were rampant

  • How the other half lives: Jacob A Riis

• Promoters and profiteers

  • The financier and the Titan: Theodore Dressier

What movements did the progressives support

• Socialism: European immigration led to the growth of this movement

• The Social Gospel: A religious doctrine that called for middle-class awareness of the plight of the poor and to help provide housing and care

• Feminism: Aimed at improving life for women and families working in the city

  • Jane Addams

  • Lilian Wald

Who were Muckrakers

A series of authors who raised awareness of the evil in all aspects of American life by digging for dirt and publishing articles condemning it

Who were some Muckrakers and their political and economic targets

• Lincoln Steffens - The Shame of the Cities: A series of articles published in McClure’s, unmasking the alliance between government and big business for power and money

• Ida M Tarbell - Published an exposé on the Standard Oil Company, exposing its corruption

• Thomas W. Lawson - Frenzied Finance: Exposed how his friends and colleagues amassed their corrupt fortunes

• David G. Phillips - The Treason of the Senate: Published in the Metropolitan, accusing 75 senators to be in the pockets of railroads and trusts

• Attacked insurance companies

• Attacked tariff lobbies

• Attacked the beef trusts

• Attacked Money Trusts

• Attacked Railroad Barons

• Attacked the corrupt amassing of fortunes

What were some social targets of the Muckrakers

• Prostitution

• The Slums

• Industrial Accidents

• African Americans: 90% remained in the South, with the majority illiterate

  • Following the Colour Life - Stannard Baker

• Child Labour - John Sparso: The Bitter Cry of the Children

• Patent Medicines - Lampooned by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley

How were the Muckrakers representative of the greater progressive movement as a whole

While bringing awareness to change, often they didn’t provide drastic political change, but through the people, they hoped public consciousness would be roused and change to American democracy would be brought through American democracy

How did Progressives hope to regain the power they’d lost to party interests

• Primary elections: undercut local bosses

• The initiative: Voters could propose legislation themselves, bypassing state legislators

• Referendums: The final say belongs to the people

• Recall: Allow voters to remove corrupt officials

• Corrupt Practice Acts: Bills proposed by a series of state legislators to limit the amount candidates could spend on campaigns and receive in donations from corporations

• Australian Ballot: Secret Ballot

• Direct Election of Senators: To many was viewed as being elected by the trusts 17th Amendment

  • Many states introduced primary elections

• Female reform and reformers received support from progressives as they hoped they’d further the progressive movement

  • Many west coast states established limited female suffrage

How did Progressivism take root in the city

• Expert staffed commissions to monitor urban affairs

• Urban Reformers Attacked:

  • Juvenile Delinquency

  • Slum lords

  • Prostitution

• Progressives took influence from European cities

  • Light up the streets

  • Clean war systems

  • Trolley Cars

• Public ownership of utilities to combat corruption

How did progressivism take root at the state level

• Wisconsin “Laboratory of Reform” - Robert M. La Follette: Reformer who reached the governorship and battled railroad and lumber monopolies. He also perfected a scheme to rescue public utilities and worked in association with university experts.

• Other states regulated railroads and trusts through public utilities commissions

• California - Hiram W. Johnson elected republican governor in 1920, helped break up the southern pacific railroads grip on Californian politics

• New York: Charles Evan Hughes - Investigated malpratice of gas and insurance companies

How did women circumnavigate restrictions to participate in reform

• Because women couldn’t vote or hold political office, settlement houses provided a way in for public life and reformers

• Women also participated in social reform via literary clubs which saw females forsake books for social issues

Why were settlement houses important to the progressive females

It gave them an entry point for female reform, exposed middle-class women to poverty, political corruption, intolerable conditions, and gave women skills and confidence to attack these evils

How were women able to justify their entry into social reform movements

Though outside the conventional household, reformers argued it was an extension of the notion of separate spheres and the traditional roles of a wife and mother

In tandem with the justification for females entering social reforms because it was the expansion of their traditional role, what issues did they particularly tackle

Often Maternal and moral issues:

• Keeping children out of sweatshops

• Attacking tuberculosis in tenements

• Securing pensions for mothers with dependent children

• Ensuring safe and clean food was on the table

How did female reformers organise

• National Consumers League

• Women’s trade union

• Children’s Bureau - Department of Labour

• Women’ Bureau - Department of Labour

What campaigns saw the largest female involvement

Factory and Temperance Reform

Who was Florence Kelly

Former head of Hull House who became Illinois’ first chief factory inspector. Later, she would become the leader of the National Consumers League where she would mobilise women to pressure for laws protecting women and children in the work force

What was Muller V Oregon (1908)

Attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to uphold the constitutionality of laws protecting female workers by arguing that their weaker bodies made them more vulnerable. While the idea of weaker bodies is the basis of the argument for these laws, it was supported by many female reformers

With the rise of an American welfare state, who were there main priorities in protecting

Women and Children

What were some setbacks to the Progressive crusade

• Lochner V New York (1905): Struck down a 10 hour workday for bakers - reversed in 1917

• Laws regulating factories were not enforced, resulting in deadly accidents:

  • Triangle Shirt Waist Company - The New York Legislature would eventually pass tighter codes for conditions and hours in sweatshops following strikes and protests

What was the traditional philosophy of laissez-faire free enterprise being replaced with during the progressive period

Employer responsibility

How did the temperance movement take hold in the progressive era to combat alcoholic consumption

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union: A militant organisation founded by Frances E. Willard, which mobilised over a million women

• Anti-Saloon League: Aggressive, well-organised, well-financed prohibition organisation

• Some states enacted dry laws. However, big cities remained as hubs of alcoholism due to their large immigrant population who were used to the wet of the old world

• 18th amendment: Banning of Alcohol

What was Teddy Roosevelts program to improving welfare

The Square Deal: For capital, labour, and the public at large

• It embraced three programs: Three C’s

  • Control of corporations

  • Consumer Protection

  • Conservation of Natural Resources

What was the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike in Pennsylvania (1902) and its significance

Put the square deal to the test as arrogant businessmen refused to negotiate with the 140,000-strong immigrant labour force. They demanded a 20% pay increase and a 9-hour workday. However, as the nation became paralysed, Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines; the employers backed down and came to the bargaining table.

What was the Department of Labour and Commerce and why was it created

Roosevelt became increasingly aware of the rising tensions between labour and capital

What was the Bureau of Corporations

Authorised to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce

How did Roosevelt tackle and restrain the railroads

Expansion of the Interstate Commerce Act:

• Elkins Act (1903): Heavy fines would be imposed on railroads that provided rebates and shippers that accepted them

• Hepburn Act (1906): Free passes were restricted and the ICC was expanded to include express companies, sleeping car companies, and pipelines. The ICC could also set maximum rates

What were Teddy Roosevelts view on trusts and breaking them up

Trusts had become the epitome of corruption during the progressive era. While Roosevelt brandished the big stick, he didn’t necessarily believe trusts were inherently bad; he believed some trusts had public interests at heart, while some didn’t. Those that didn’t need to be busted. However, Roosevelt believed that breaking up trusts wasn’t sound economic policy. While he favoured him politically (making him popular), he thought the process of stopping economic progress and efficiency was stupid. Therefore, he targeted trusts because of the symbolism they wrought. Through trust-busting, Roosevelt hoped to implement a policy of greater federal regulation, which worked.

What were some examples of TR as a Trust Buster

• Attacked the Northern Securities Company: a Railroad company controlled by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill

  • They appealed but SCOTUS sided with TR

• Smashed 40 Trusts:

  • Beef, Sugar, Fertiliser, Harvesters

What led to meat reform by TR

• Europeans had found American meat tainted and threatened to stop importing American meat

• The Jungle by Upton Sinclair sickened readers with its scathing description of Chicago's slaughter houses

How did TR improve the conditions of the Meat Industry

• Meat Inspection Act (1906): Preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): Prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods

What were some steps taken toward conservation prior to TR

• Desert Land Act (1877): The government sold cheap arid land under the condition that the buyer irrigate the soil in 3 years

• Forrest Reserve Act (1891): Authorised the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

• Carrey Act (1894): Distributed federal land to states under the condition it would be irrigated and settled

How did TR tackle the issue of conservation

• Newlands Act (1902): Washington could collect money from the sale of public land in the West and use it for the development of irrigation projects, with their productive soil. Settlers repaid the cost, and the money was used to fund more enterprises

• Roosevelt Dam (1911)

• Roosevelt set aside 125 million acres of lumber

• Set aside millions of coal reserves

Why were people inclined to the outdoors and wilderness during this era

• The disappearance of the frontier: people thought the roughness and individual nature of American society was being lost

• Jack London: Call of the Wild

• The development of the belief that to much civilisation might not be good for the soul

• The boy scouts

What divide emerged between conservationists

While some conservationists believed that nature should remain untouched by human civilisation, others, including TR, thought it needed to be used intelligently. Therefore, Roosevelt had to deal with two competing lobbies

Example: Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed San Francisco to build a dam in Yosemite

What was Multiple Use Resource Management

Combine recreation, sustain yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing

Explain the election of 1904

Republican Nomination: Teddy Roosevelt

Democratic Nomination: Alton B. Parker

Outcome: TR won easily; however, he pledged not to run for the 1908 election, relieving many conservatives who had become weary of TR’s economic and social platforms

What was the Roosevelt Panic of 1907

A brief panic descended on Wall Street, during which many conservatives blamed Roosevelt. The panic was quick and led to needed fiscal reform

What was the Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908)

Following the currency shortage in the Roosevelt panic, a more elastic medium of currency was needed. During this crisis, banks couldn’t loan money, and those who had money didn’t. Therefore, this act allowed emergency currency to be issued

Explain the Election of 1908

Republican Nomination: William H. Taft

Democratic Nomination: William Jennings Bryan

Socialists: Eugene V. Debs

Outcome: The Republicans would win, even with Taft’s lack of invigorating speeches, stability won the day over Bryan, whose policies were hijacked by the republicans

How did Taft differ from TR

He lacked TR’s strong personality and zeal; therefore, he struggled to hold the Republican Party together. He was much more inclined toward the status quo

How was Taft a trustbuster

He broke up 90 trusts

• In 1911, SCOTUS, ruled in favour of breaking up the Standard Oil Company, which they deemed violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act as it was restraining trade

  • Rule of Reason: Only trusts that unnecessarily restricted trade was illegal

• Taft decided to pursue the antitrust suit against the U.S Steel Corporation, which Roosevelt was infuriated by, as he had supported the Trust

What were the reasons for the split in the Republican Party

• Payne-Aldrich Bill: A tariff bill that had been heavily supported by progressives made it through the House before having a series of additional attachments added, which made the tariff reduction practically void

• Ballinger-Pichot Incident: While a conservationist, Taft authorised Secretary Ballinger to open public land, Pichot criticised the move, and Taft then removed Pichot.

• Roosevelt returned to America denouncing Tafts policies

What was New Nationalism V.S New Freedom

• New Nationalism: The belief that the national government should increase its power to combat social and economic issues.

  • Continued consolidation of trusts and labour unions paralleled the growth of regulatory agencies in Washington

  • Female suffrage

  • Social Welfare: Minimum Wage Laws and Social Insurance

• New Freedom: A progressive platform that Wilson ran on, calling for stronger anti-trust legislation, bank reform, and tariff reduction

  • Small enterprise

  • Entrepreneurship

  • Free function of unregulated and unmonopolised markets

  • No social welfare

  • Fragmentation of trusts through vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws

• Both are similar in their call for a more active role for the government

Explain the Election of 1912

Republican Nomination: William H. Taft: Following Roosevelt's reentering the presidential ring after seeing Taft mess up “his policies”, the Progressive section of the Republicans backed TR, while the conservatives backed Taft; however, the conservatives would win the day with Taft securing the nomination following a brutal slandering campaign between TR and Taft.

Democratic Nomination: Woodrow Wilson: A mild-mannered professor, reared in the South, he strongly supported self-determination and Jeffersonian democracy. Filled with idealistic zeal, he was popular for his connection to the people and his speeches. Wilson would win the election.

Progressive Nomination: TR: Defeated at the Republican Nomination, TR would form the Progressive Party with many rebelling Republicans following him. They would enter the election with high amounts of vigour

Outcome: Woodrow Wilson would win the election but would be a minority president. TR was the runner-up, and if he and Taft hadn’t split up the Republican party, they would have won the election. This election represented the triumph of the progressive as Wilson and TR polled 10 million votes, annihilating the conservative Taft.

• The progressives would fade to the background while the Republicans would be frozen out of government

What was Wilsons assault on the triple wall of privilege

Wilsonian zeal led to Wilson attacking three areas

• The Tariff:

  • Underwood tariff: The tariff saw the substantial reduction of rates and enacted a graduated income tax on incomes over $3,000

    • Lobbyists descended on the bill, but Wilson appealed over them to the people to stop them

• The Bank: The nation's banking and currency institutions were outdated and stuck in the civil war. Banking reserves, which were heavily located in New York, were heavily vulnerable during failures

  • 1908 Congress launched an investigation, with Aldrich recommending a third bank of America

  • Wilson endorsed a decentralised bank in government hands as opposed to Republican demands for a huge private bank with 15 branches.

  • Federal Reserve Act (1913): The new Federal Reserve Board was appointed by the president with its own bank. Their regular banks were owned by bankers and financial institutions, and the board's final authority ensured public control.

• The Trusts:

  • Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): Empowered a presidentially appointed commission to search industries engaged in interstate commerce

    • Crush monopolies at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices, unlawful competition, false advertising, adulteration, and bribery

  • Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914): Lengthened the list of businesses deemed wrong:

    • Price discrimination and interlocking directorates: Some industrialists served as the head of two competing corporations

    • The Act also defined that labour unions were not under the description of the Sherman Antitrust Act. It legalised strikes while exempting labour and agricultural groups from prosecution

How did Wilson help alleviate the issues of farmers

• Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): Credit available to farmers at low interest rates

• Warehouse Act (1916): Authorised loans on the security of stable crops

What was La Folletes Seamen Act (1915)

Required decent treatment and liveable wages on American merchant ships

What was the working mans compensation act (1918)

Granted assistance to federal employees (civil service) during periods of instability

What was the Adamson Act (1916)

Established an 8 hour work day for employees of all interstate commerce

Why did Wilson ultimately fall short of becoming a noble reformer

His racial views regarding African Americans and overseeing the segregation of the federal workplace, ultimately weakened his case

Following the conclusion of the Great War what happened in America

Bloodied and disillusioned by war and peace, America turned inward, and a period of economic prosperity was wrought, yet with modernisation fears that traditional American identity was lost gripped the U.S.

What was the impact of the Bolshevik Revolution and the Red Scare specifically on unions and workers attempting to implement reform

Following the establishment of the communist regime in Russia, fears of a communist uprising gripped many Americans. Deriving from tensions between workers and the government, Americans jumped to the conclusion that labour troubles were due to the Bolsheviks and radicals, unions, and reformers were seen as an extension of these communists, which employers capitalised on, to regain power.

What were some examples of Red Scare Tactics

• General A. Mitchell Palmer: The fighting Quaker rounded up over 6,000 suspected commies

• A shipload of 249 alleged alien radicals were deported on the Buford

How did the red scare lead to conservatives capitalising and curbing unions and reform efforts

• Criminal Syndicalism laws: Statutes that made the mere advocacy of violence for means of social change unlawful

  • IWW and other radicals were subject to heavy persecution

  • Socialists weren’t allowed to be seated in the New York legislators

• American Plan: Conservative business people anti-union campaign, they capitalised on the red scare to weaken the power of the growing unions

How did Nativism grip the United States following the end of the Great War

• Nicola Succo and Bortolomeo Van Zetti: Two Italian immigrants convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster. The anti-foreign feeling gripped the jury and the men were sentenced to death

• The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan: A racist organisation that revived in the 1920s and took on a more nativist role, its beliefs were:

  • Anti-foreign

  • Anti-Catholic

  • Anti-Black

  • Anti-Jewish

  • Anti-Catholic

  • anti-communist

  • anti-evolutionary

  • anti-birth control

  • pro anglo-saxon

  • pro protestant

• Immigration was curbed substantially following the flood of 800,000 immigrants in 1921; therefore, policies were implemented to stem the tide:

  • Emergency Quota Act of 1921: Restrictions on immigration to 3% of the current immigrant population - this was based on the 1910 census, favourable to southern Europeans

  • Immigration Act of 1924: The quota for immigrants was decreased to 2% and the census was changed to that of 1890, which favoured northern European immigrants. This pleased nativists while upsetting southern Europeans.

    • Japan faced a full immigration ban

    • Canada and Latin American immigrants were exempted due to proximity

    • This act saw almost a century of unrestricted immigration come to an end

What happened to the KKK throughout the 1920s

Spreading fast in the bible belt and its nativist beliefs gripping the nation, it quickly faded into the background as the public realised the extreme nature of the organisation. However, it persisted at the local level in the bible belt

Why did immigrant communities attempt to unionise and usually fail

They were isolated in a hostile America; therefore, they tried to unionise. However, cultural and linguistic differences often destroyed multi-ethnic groups, with employers doing everything in their power to highlight differences to sow discord.

Who were some reformers who opposed immigration restrictions

• Horace Kallen: Kallen protected the idea that immigrants could provide ethnic and racial uniqueness. He believed that each culture offered something different.

• Randolph Bourne: Advocated for a cosmopolitan immigrant community

What was the 18th amendment and the Volstead Acts

18th Amendment: Banned the sale and consumption of alcohol

Volstead Act (1919): Strengthened the 18th Amendment by banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

Where was the abolition of alcohol the strongest and the weakest

• South: Didn’t want blacks to be influenced to go “out of place.”

• West: Alcohol was viewed as the root of corruption and the dangerous wild west, and vulgar identities

• Eastern Cities: They largely supported alcohol consumption, especially with the large immigration population, who consumed alcohol as a part of their culture

What did proponents of the 18th amendment fail to recognise about American identity

While the amendment was largely supported, the bill failed to recognise how it would go against traditional American principles of limited government and a limited role in private life

What were some conditions that hampered prohibition enforcement

• Disillusioned soldiers wanted alcohol

• Alcohol was seen as a personal liberty

• Legislators openly spoke in favour of prohibition while privately consuming alcohol

• The rich could smuggle all the alcohol they wanted

• Lack of enforcement from understaffed and under equipped federal and state employees

• Rum Runners

• Home-Brewing

What were some positive effects of prohibition

• Bank savings increase

• Industry absenteeism decreased

How were prohibition and the age of gangsters related

Prohibition spawned the age of gangsters and organised crime, as rival gangs would compete for profits and territory through shocking acts of violence

Why were arrests low in the age of gangsters

Bribery

Who was Al Capone and the gangsters

A leading mob boss in the mob hub in Chicago, he would engage in violence (St. Valentine’s Day Massacre) to further his goals, before eventually being convicted on tax evasion

What illegal acts would gangs participate in

• Prostitution

• Illegal gambling

• Narcotics

Who were the Rockateers

They were gangsters who invaded the ranks of labour unions as organisers and promoters, leading to bad association between labour unions and gangsters

What was the Lindbergh law

Following the murder of Lindbergh’s son, congress passed the law making the death penalty applicable to interstate commerce abduction

How did the education system develop in the 20s

Larger amounts of late teenagers were staying in school, with high school graduation rates doubling in the 20s

Professor John Dewey was a huge advocate for the development of educational theory. His progressive education championed education for life and learning by doing

What advances in science emerged in the 20s

• Hookworm had been wiped out in the South

• Better nutrition and health care for children increased life expectancy

What was Fundamentalism

A reaction to the progressive scientific thought which emphasises a literal reading of the bible, a rejection of the theory of evolution, and citing it as a reason for the moral breakdown of the youth

What was the Scopes Trial

Fundamentalism, popular in the bible belt, challenged the teachings of evolution. When John T. Scopes was tried for teaching evolution, it became known as the “Monkey Trial,” as while Scopes was found guilty, the fundamentalists led by William Jennings Bryan were seen as buffoons.

How was the 20s defined by mass consumption

Following the short recession of 1920-1921, the American economy bounced back thanks to the recent war and the rapid expansion of capital investment

• The invention of the automobile and the perfection of the assembly line led to the mass production of automobiles for all classes

• Advertising boomed as with all the new commercial products, advertising emerged as a way to help sell more easily and faster

• Sports games: people would pay for cheap tickets to go out and watch boxing and baseball

  • The men everybody knows: advertising ploy with Jesus

• Buying on credit was a huge post war novelty as people descended deeper and deeper into debt, the economy became more valuable

Explain Fordism and the Rise of Mass Production

The automobile heralded a new era of innovation as it was based on assembly line methods and mass production techniques

Scientific management: The improvement of economic efficiency and labour productivity through the standardisation of work processes. Introduced by Frederick W. Taylor, truly transformed Detroit into the capital of car making

Fordism: Ford released his Model T in 1908; however, it took a long time to produce, due to his perfection of the assembly line and his dedication to the gospel of standardisation. Cars could not be turned out every 93 minutes.

What was the impact of the automobile industry/authomobile on the United States

• Thousands of new jobs

• Created supporting industries: rubber, glass, and fabrics

• Highway construction: Paved roads

• Service stations

• Petroleum boomed with oil derricks popping up

• The marketing of foodstuffs grew, as people could drive to farms

• The railroad industry was badly hurt

• Cars were not only seen as needed for transportation but as a representation of personal freedom and interests, as people could engage in leisure activities

• Women had a greater degree of autonomy

• American suburbs grew tremendously during this period as America became a nation of commuters: schools and churches were consolidated

Negative impacts of the automobile

• High death rates

• Elders viewed cars as a house of prostitution

• Used by gangsters for gang wars

Explain the development of the aviation industry

1903: The Wright brothers would hold the first successful flight in history, kickstarting the aviation industry

Aviation would slowly grow as planes were used in the Great War, airmail contracts, and other small-scale escapades

Charles A. Lindbergh: His flight across the Atlantic inspired the youth and America, as it both popularised aviation and led to a strong industry boom

While accidents remained high, passenger planes would start to take off

The advent of secure aviation doomed the railroads as passengers and mail took shorter flights

Explain the development of the Radio

Wireless telegraphy, invented by Guglielmo Marconi, allowed for long-range communication and was used in the Great War

The voice-carrying radio for mass consumption would be kicked off following the announcement of Warren G. Harding’s victory in the 1920 election

While initially local, radios would become transcontinental and national commercial programs would replace local programming

The radio really took off in mass consumption and consumerism in the 20s, as each family would purchase a radio and tune in to: comedies, political speeches, and newscasts, mixed with commercial advertising: goods were also sold through the radio

Explain the development of movies in the 20s

• The Great Train Robbery: Melodrama featured in five-cent theatres

• Birth of a Nation: First full-length classic, glorifying the KKK

• Following the development of the birth of Hollywood and vulgar films, a guidance code would be introduced, as critics consistently spoke out against vulgarity

• Films helped immigrants become more accustomed to American culture through film

In the 1920s how did the diaspora of Americans change

More Americans lived in the city than the country

What were female movements in the 1920s

• With a majority of people living in the city, women were able to find jobs, even though they provided menial pay: Retail and typers

• Birth Control movement: Margaret Sanger encouraged women to use contraceptives

• National Women’s Party (1923): Headed by Alice Paul, it called for a Equal Rights Amendment

How did churches react to the growth of mass consumerism

They advertised for themselves on billboards and showed movies during church

How did attitudes to sex change during the 20s and What was the reaction to the liberalisation of sex during the 1920s

How it changed: Taboos flew out of the window with younger generations, as teenagers embraced sexual liberty, the neckers and peters changed views on sex

Reactions:

Fundamentalists were shocked by what they viewed as sex taking over daily life. Whether in movies, advertising, or how females dressed (flappers) it demonstrated a new sexual liberty

Sigmund Freud pioneered the psychological justification for sexual pleasure

How did music develop during the 20s

Jazz became the anthem of this new era. Emerging from New Orleans, it would take root in the North along with the Great Migration. Famous black artists such as Louis Armstrong, Handy Morton, and Joe Oliver.

• All white Jazz Bands would appear due to the racist America: Paul Whitemen’s

What was the United Negro Improvement Association

Stemming from growing black pride, Marcus Garvey would found this institution to promote the resettlement of African Americans to Africa. The UNIA sponsored stores in the U.S. and kept dollars in black hands. Garvey would later be disgraced but his racial pride would inspire later civil rights movements: NOI

How did Literature change during the 20s

The old guard began to die out as new authors and artists burst onto the scene, diversifying the traditional Protestant New Englanders who had dominated the literary scene. These newcomers would exhibit the energy of youth, ambition, and resentment in their literature.

What was Modernism

Literary and artistic movement that questioned social conventions, traditional authorities, and modern novelties

Who were some Modernist/Lost Generation Authors

• F. Scott Fitzgerald:

  • This side of Paradise (1920)

  • The Great Gatsby (1925): Commentary on the illusion of the self made man

• Theodore Dreiser:

  • An American Tragedy (1925): Failures of social striving

• Ernest Hemingway: heavily affected by service in Italy

  • The Sun Also Rises (1926): Disillusioned America

  • A Farewell to Arms (1929): Turned his war story into a best seller, with his troubled recollecting

Who were some Modernist/Lost Generation Authors poets

• Gertrude Stein: Poet who was in contact with many iconoclastic thinkers

  • Three Lives (1909)

  • Tender Buttons (1914)

  • The autobiography of Alice D. Tokes (1932)

• Ezra Pound: Rejected old civilisation, looking forward

• T.S. Eliot: Depicts the fragmentation and desolation of post-war society

  • The Waste Land (1922)

• E.E. Cummings: Unorthodox Diction

Who were the High Modernists

Experimented with the breakdown of traditional literary forms and exposed the losses that came with modernity

How did regionalism persevere as a literary style during this period

Most Americans are still engaged in this literary form:

• Robert Frost: Wrote of the folkways of New England

• Carl Sandburg: Extolled the working class of Chicago

• Sherwood Anderson: Wineburg, Ohio (1919) - dissected middle American life

• Sinclair Lewis: Main Street, babbit - dissected middle American life

• William Faulkner: The sound and the fury, As I lay dying, Absalom, Absalom

  • Displacement of the agrarian south

Who were some notable modernist American composers and playwrights

• Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein - Show Boat (1927): First true American play

• Eugene O’Neil: Stange Interlude (1928): Premier playwright

What was the Harlem Renaissance

A black cultural renaissance, which saw the outpouring of creative expression through music, acting, and literature. They proudly extolled their identity and championed social equality

• Claude McKay

• Langston Hughes

• Zora Neal Horston

• Louis Armstrong

• Eubie Blake

What were some signs that a crash was coming to wall street

• Hundreds of banks closed per year

• Real estate speculatory craze: Underwater lots were sold for high prices, the scheme collapsed after the West Indian Hurricane

• Speculation on stock exchange ran wild

• Everyone bought stocks on margin, with a small down payment, throwing their money into stock for quick profit

• Stock became inflated

What was the Bureau of the Budget (1921)

Assist the president in preparing estimates of expenditures for submission to Congress for the annual budget: Prevent apportionment

Explain Andrew Mellon and Tax Reduction Policy

The Secretary of the Treasury wanted to eliminate taxes. Andrew Mellon, Mellonites, and wealthy businessmen believed that taxes discouraged business, as high taxes forced billionaires to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than factories and brought in less revenue to the treasury.

Explain Warren G. Hardings Presidency

Harding, while maintaining the look of a presidency, was way out of his depth. Weak-willed and adverse to making people unhappy, he was easily swayed and controlled by his “Ohio gang.”

Harding’s Cabinet:

• Andrew Mellon

• Herbert Hoover

• Charles Evan Hughes

• Albert B. Fall

• Harry M. Dougherty

How did Hardings presidency turn its back on the progressive era of government intervention

The old guard hoped to reimplement the old business doctrine of laissez-faire. They also wanted government guidance towards profits, which they achieved through allies in positions and using the courts.

• Adkins V Children’s Hospital (1923): Court ruling that overturned the special protection and minimum wage (established in Muller V Oregon), citing due to the 19th amendment, women now shared the same status as men, and weren’t valid to equal protection

• Corporations expanded under Harding, the antitrust policies of the progressives were often overlooked, and American bureaucracy and the presidency were friends to corporate expansion.