Classical History Semester One Exam Review

What is the code of Hammurabi?

It is from Babylon and it says an "eye for an eye." It is important because it is the first written laws and it displays a Pagan view of justice.

Who is Hammurabi?

He is from Babylon and he expanded the Babylonian Empire, also establishing a single code of laws for all his subjects. He lived during the old Babylonian empire (1810- 1750 BC)

Who is Sennacherib?

He is from Assyria and he is mentioned in the Bible and moved the capital to Nineveh. He sacked Babylon after disrespecting their God and besieged Jerusalem, but the Angel of the Lord killed the Assyrian army. 705-681 BC

Who is Tiglath-Pileser?

He is from Assyria and is the first king of the Assyrians as a powerful force and ruthless and brutal policy of deliberate terror. 1114-1076 BC

Who is Ramses II?

He is Egyptian and was a very powerful and ruled for 67 years, defeating the Hittites. 1539-1069 BC (1300 to 1213 BC)

Where did civilization begin in the Ancient Near East?

In the Tigris and Euphrates river.

Place the following groups/events in chronological order: Mycenaeans, Minoans, the Dorians, the Ionian refugees, and the Olympic Games.

1.Minoans 2.Mycenaeans 3.Dorians 4. Ionian refugees 5. Olympic Games

Minoans

Lived on the island of Crete & traded in Mediterranean region. Known for labyrinth palace at Knossos. Frescoes show scenes of Minoan life and religion. Flourished from 3000-1100 BC

Mycenaeans

Indo-Europeans from central Asia, Intermarried with native Hellenes on mainland Greece. Flourished from 1900-1100 BC, influenced by Minoan culture and their customs, religious practices, and politics, Became a central figure in the Bronze Age with connections to Egypt & Hittite Empire. Had Linear B writing. great warriors. Faced with overpopulation, famine, and violence, bands of desperate refugees fled the Aegean basin destroyed this civilization.

Dorians

Mycenaeans were weakened from invasions and warring with each other, Dorians (AKA Hellenes) saw and attacked and invaded from the north, Easily beat the Mycenaeans because of iron weapons. The Dorians rule (known as the Dark Ages of Greece) lasted from 1100-800 BC, Those that were not killed by the Dorians fled to Ionia. Slowly, the refugees from Ionia came back and reintroduce culture. The Ionians slowly took over so their rule ended.

Ionian Refugees

Culture was in stasis and Greece was cut off from the rest of the world due to its geography, But as the Ionians returned, so did culture, The formation of new techniques in pottery, Trade establishing a new economy. New Economy, New Wealth (people could become rich from working hard)

Olympic Games

Olympic Games founded in 776 BC, Many regard this year as the transition from "heroic" to "real" history with official documentations, Had a unifying influence that tied together the factions of the Greek world, the games became a significant part of Greek culture, to not participate was to be seen as a barbarian

Ma' at

a spiritual precept that conveyed the idea of truth and justice, especially right order and harmony. Pharaohs/kings were to maintain this fundamental order

Civilization

a complex society in which a large number of people share common characteristics.

Empire

is the network of cities/peoples controlled by a single state/ruler.

Monarchy

'son rule' The rule of a single, usually hereditary, king with a legitimate claim to power.

Aristocracy

'Rule of the best' The rule of noble families, wherein a noble birth is the criterion for power.

Tyranny

'The rule of a tyrant' A tyrant is an autocratic ruler who has seized control without a legitimate claim to that control

Oligarchy

'Rule of a few' The rule of a small group of, mostly rich, politicians, who do not necessarily have to be of noble birth.

Timocracy

Forms of government in which property criteria—usually landownership—are the the qualifications for access to the administrative offices.

Democracy

'Rule of the demos' The rule of the (male) population with citizen rights.

Politai (citizenship)

Duty and allegiance to the state balanced with privileges and rights.

Hoplite

heavily armed infantrymen who wore bronze or leather helmets, breastplates, and greaves (shin guards). Each carried a shield, a short sword, and a thrusting spear about 9 feet long.

Phalanx

a formation of soldiers in tight order, usually eight ranks deep.

Phyle

tribes named after a local hero

Nouveaux riches

(Access to the archon, Council of Four Hundred, admittance to general assemblies) 1 Wealthiest nobles (over 500 bushels) 2 Nobles, or wealthy non-nobles, one step below (300-499 bushels, could own a horse for the calvary)

Heliaia

a jury of the people

zeugitati

common peasants (Access to Council of Four Hundred, admittance to general assemblies) - a kind of proto-democracy (200-300 bushels, could own a team of oxen)

thetes

peasants with little to no property (admittance to general assemblies) (200 or less bushels)

seisachtheia

"shaking off of burdens" Cancellation of debts, freed debt slaves, bought back foreign sold Athenian slaves,

archon

a chief of state of ancient Athens

Archidamian War

(431-421 BC) This was the first part of the Peloponnesian War.

Strategos

military general

The Delian League

(477-404) - Greek city-states, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory at Plataea. Most poleis did not provide ships and soldiers for the battles but, instead, contributed monetarily to the effort. The league's treasury was kept on the island of Delos.

Pentecontaetia

"the period of fifty years" is the period in Ancient Greek history between the defeat of the Persian invasion of Greece at Plataea in 479 BC and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC

The Peloponnesian League

military alliance led by Sparta

What is the importance of the Code of Hammurabi?

First written laws and displayed a pagan sense of justice.

Articulate the beginnings of civilization in the Ancient Near East.

Civilization began to emerge in the fertile river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers during the 5th and 4th millenium B.C. (Sumer)

know and label major greek polis and regions on a map from the archaic and classical periods.

aight bet I js looked over the notes xoxo

Understand the Greek polis in its origins, definition, features, and colonies.

a Greek town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside. Each had a central place where the citizens could gather. An autonomous city-state and similar to Phoenicia. Poleis happened because of the desire for land, grain, and ore. (Acropolis)

Greece Geography

Mountains cover most of Greece. protect and isolate cities & limit contact. Effect: Early Greece never unites with one government. water and natural harbors. Almost all of Greece within 50 miles of the coast. Effect: many make living from the seas - fishing, trade, etc. Some fertile land (BUT not much) Effect: some farming, and so Greeks will look for more land. Mild climate. Effect: people spend time outside to socialize/discuss

Articulate the four unifying features of the Greek peoples during the Archaic Age.

Greek Language (though dialects differed), Polis, Worship of pantheon, Olympic Games 776 BC

Describe the mixed constitution and related political offices in the Spartan polis.

Two Co-Regent Kings / MONARCHY - Hereditary kingship: unique in Greece at this time Purpose: Lead in war and balance power. Apella / DEMOCRACY - assembly of 30-year-old Spartan men with voting rights. gerousia / OLIGARCHY (elders)- elderly ruling body of Sparta.

Articulate the beginnings of classical Athens and Athenian democracy.

Athens remained inhabited after the fall of the Mycenaean Civilization and was not affected by the Dorian invasion, like Sparta. 900 prosperity grew by geometric pottery then further in 750 by trade with Al Mina in Syria. a decline in progress occurred around 730. Kingship was abolished in the dark ages. The monarch was replaced by archons who performed duties of army commander, high priest, and supreme judge. archons came from the nobility and formed an aristocracy. Later a Tyranny is instated and then the council of 400.

Dates of Pre-Persian War

630 BC : Cylon attempted a tyranny but failed

620 BC : Draco implements Athen's first codified laws

594 BC : Solon given special powers as an archon to settle disputes between the nobility and the people.

561 BC : Pisistratus became tyrant for one year.

546 BC : Pisistratus became tyrant after using gold mines in. Thrace and acquiring a bodyguard

514 BC : Hipparchus killed

510 BC : Hippies flees Athens for the Persian Empire

508 BC: Cleisthenes acquired power by an alliance with the people

Chronology of the Persian War

Conquest of Lydia, the Ionian revolt, the battle of Marathon, the battle of Thermopylae, the battle of salamis, and the battle of Plataea.

Chronology of the Peloponnesian War

Persian War, Delian League, Archidamian War, conquest of Melos, Invasion of Sicily, the second stage, and delian league dissolved.

Persian War Outcomes (Battles)

Ionian Revolt: Sardis burned and Miletus was destroyed and the Greeks were deported

Battle of Marathon: Themistocles convinced the Athenians to build ships bc he knew the Persians would want revenge. Archons became less important than strategia. Archons were chosen by lot from the boule (500). Darius wants revenge

Battle of Thermopylae: All Greek fighters who remained died. Themistolces, leading the Athenian navy, destroyed many Persian ships. Greeks on land and sea were able to retreat because of this last stand. Not a "big" battle, not effective, but it is a myth of the West and the fight for freedom.

Persian War outcomes (general)

The Persians are not finally defeated until the conquest of Alexander the Great (334-323 BC). The Persians did not suffer psychologically (as Aeschylus describes) but they did not rebuild their navy. Big Takeaway: The Persian Wars are the first cooperative effort of the entire Greek world.Despite political differences, the Greek peoples joined together based upon shared culture (language, customs, religion)Hoplite warfare is validated against the greatest empire in the world.

Peloponnesian War outcomes (specific)

Archidamian War : 421 Athens entered into a peace treaty with Sparta (the Peloponnesian League). Yet, Athens did not fall to Sparta. In the aftermath Athens continued a "dirty war" through aggression to Sparta's allies and even neutral city-states.

Invasion of Sicily: With the aid of Sparta Syracuse defeated Athens. Herein a great part of Athens' army and, more importantly, her navy was lost.

Peloponnesian War outcome (general)

Athens unravels (oligarchy, Decelea, spartan alliance with Persia) and Peloponnesian poleis wanted Athens treated as Melos, but Sparta said no. Between 432 and 400 BC the adult males in Athens decreased. The Delian League is dissolved, The Long Walls were torn down, Athens could only keep a dozen ships. An oligarchy was instituted (pro-Spartan but only lasted one year, after which a democracy was restored.)

How did Athens become an empire and why/how was this maintained?

After the victory at Plataea, Greece needed to continue to pursue and fight Persia. Athens became the leader of this post-war conflict by the creation and leadership of the Delian League. when all conflict with Persia came to an end Athens didnt allow the League to dissolve. Athens continued to get power, wealth, and influence until the Delian League became the Athenian Empire. Athens would not allow poleis within the Delian League to secede.

Explain the Melian Dialogue and be prepared to engage with this conversation and the idea of "might makes right" from your perspective as a Christian.

This quote comes from the Melian Dialogue within The Peloponnesian War. This quote summarizes the Athenian perspective on power and the right to rule. In the Athenian perspective, strength, or might, determines right in conflict and rule. Therefore, Athens, as a militarily strong and wealthy polis, believes herself correct in subjecting and conquering other weaker poleis. Athens sees no issue in conquering other poleis if they are weaker than Athens, because they believe that "might makes right." As Christians, we believe that might does not make right and that God is the ultimate right.

Melian Dialogue

A dialogue between the Melians and the Athenians, quoted in Thucydides' Peloponnesian War, in which the latter refused to accept the Melian wish to remain neutral in the conflict with Sparta, eventually besieging and massacring them.

Homer

Born in the city of Smyrna in Asia Minor, Regarded as the true founder of European literature, Collected the stories from different oral sources that filtered down from Mycenaean times to publish the Iliad & Odyssey in the mid-eighth century BC, These served as the source for innumerable works of Greek religion, history, philosophy, drama, and poetry.

Lycurgus

reformed Sparta into a Hoplite state.

Draco

The first law-giver of Athens.

Solon

Freed all Athenian citizens and did the seisachtheia or "the shaking off of burdens" which also canceled debt. Created the four classes.

Peisistratus

Redistributed the land (banned Nobels), implemented traveling judges, and public festivals/ works

Cleisthenes

restructured Athens from the four traditional tribes to ten new tribes called phyles and is the father of democracy.

Cyrus

The Persian ruler that began the Persian Empire.

Darius I

The Persian king known as an administrative genius.

Xerxes I

Persian ruler, he tried to conquer Greece during the Persian Wars but was defeated. Son of Darius

Leonidas

king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC)

Themistocles

A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized around 471 BCE.

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. strategos. Save up A LOT of money and built walls.

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War. Was a 'scientific historian' and wanted to convey methodically what happened.

Alcibiades

Athenian leader who helped make many choices like to invade Sicily and was exiled but welcomed again. recalled to Athens to stand trial for mutilating the Hermae. He defected to Sparta and informed them of Athens's plan. This was the advice gave the Spartans—to assist at Sicily and establish a military base in Attica.

Lysander

Spartan chief admiral that befriended and partnered with Cyrus, the son of the Persian king. made it a capital offense to bring grain to Athens.

Why is Athens important to the Western tradition?

Created the idea of a true democracy and started the idea of juries. Freedom is an important part of western tradition and democracy promotes this idea of freedom. Juries also promote freedom.