Radiology Lecture 3: Abdominal Radiology, Gastrointestinal Tract

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116 Terms

1
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variable, storage organ

Normal Roentegen Signs Stomach: Size

2
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"J" or "U" shaped

Normal Roentegen Signs Stomach: Shape

3
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soft tissue and gas

Normal Roentegen Signs Stomach: Opacity

4
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caudal to liver, cranial to spleen

Normal Roentegen Signs Stomach: Location

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smooth serosal margins, smooth rugal fold margins

Normal Roentegen Signs Stomach: Margination

6
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cats

Do dogs or cats tend to have fat in the sub-mucosa of the stomach?

7
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cat

Does the dog or cat stomach sit mostly to the right of the midline?

8
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dog

Does the dog or the cat stomach sit more centered on midline?

9
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gas - fundus

fluid - body and pylorus/antrum

Where does the gas and fluid accumulate on a DV?

10
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gas - body and pyloric antrum

fluid - fundus

Where does the gas and fluid accumulate on a VD?

11
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gas - pylorus

fluid - fundus

Where does the gas and fluid accumulate on a left lateral?

12
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gas - body and fundus

fluid - pylorus

Where does the gas and fluid accumulate on a right lateral?

13
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barium, iodinated contrasts

What are some options for positive contrast?

14
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room air, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide

What are some options for negative contrast?

15
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both barium and air used

mucosa

What does "double contrast" mean? And what are you most likely assessing?

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-identify the location of the stomach

-investigation of a cranial abdominal mass of unknown origin

-evaluate mucosal margins

-identify filling defects (intraluminal, mural, extraluminal)

-to assess gastric emptying

What are some indications for positive gastrography?

17
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abdominal wall hernia with passage of the stomach

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
18
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hepatic mass

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
19
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-identify the location of the stomach

-assessment of radiolucent FB and intraluminal masses

-little information about the wall and mucosa

What are some indications for negative gastrography?

20
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-identify the location of the stomach

-assessment of radiolucent FB and intraluminal masses

-assessment of the wall thickness and evaluation of the mucosa

What are some indications for double contrast gastrography?

21
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four

How many views are recommended to assess a GDV?

22
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right lateral

If you can only get one view to assess a GDV what should you get first?

23
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-180 degrees is most common

-gas filled stomach

-abnormal location of stomach: pylorus is dorsal and to the left

-compartmentalization: soft tissue bands cross the stomach

-possibly gas in gastric wall (poor prognosis)

What are some common radiographic findings of GDV?

24
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GDV (180 degrees)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
25
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-splenomegaly

-splenic malposition or torsion

-hypovolemia: small CVC, microcardia, small pulmonary vessels

-esophageal dilation

-aspiration pneumonia

What are some secondary findings with GDV?

26
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gastric penumatosis

What abnormality is shown here? (secondary to GDV)

<p>What abnormality is shown here? (secondary to GDV)</p>
27
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GDV (270 degrees)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
28
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severe distension

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
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severe distension with volvulus

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
30
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gastric dilation without volvulus

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
31
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food bloat

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
32
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12-24 hours

How long should you fast and then wait to retake radiographs for a gastric foreign body?

33
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gastric foreign body (hairties)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
34
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gastric foreign body (bottle cap)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
35
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gastric foreign body (hair ball/trichobezoar)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
36
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gastric foreign body

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
37
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gastric foreign body

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
38
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pyloric outflow obstruction - foreign body

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
39
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pyloric outflow obstruction - linear foreign body

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
40
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chronic pyloric outflow obstruction

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
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gravel sign

What is this "sign" called that is seen with chronic pyloric outflow obstruction?

<p>What is this "sign" called that is seen with chronic pyloric outflow obstruction?</p>
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pyloric stenosis

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
43
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no, normally need contrast studies or other imaging modalities such as ultrasound or CT (can see gastric wall tumors if there is enough gas within the stomach)

Can you usually see gastric masses with radiographs?

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pyloric mass with associated obstruction

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
45
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pyloric mass without associated obstruction

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
46
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uremic gastropathy (mineralization of mucosa)

What abnormality is shown here?

<p>What abnormality is shown here?</p>
47
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yes, fat cat. Excess fat is causing a mass effect

Is there a mass effect here?

<p>Is there a mass effect here?</p>
48
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< 1.5x the height of the central body of L5

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Size (dogs)

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< 1.5x the height of the cranial endplate of L5 or < 12mm

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Size (cats)

50
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tubular, circular, curvilinear

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Shape

51
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1, divisions of duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Number

52
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soft tissue and gas, small amount of gas in cats

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Opacity

53
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central ventral abdomen - even distribution

fat cats: right mid ventral abdomen

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Location

54
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smooth serosal and mucosal margins

Normal Roentgen Signs Small Intestine: Margination

55
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-lumen diameter

-mucosal margination +/- bowel wall thickness

-motility/transit time

-location

-obstruction

What does an upper GI contrast study help assess?

56
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Peyer's Patches

normal in dogs

What is this finding? Is is normal? Which animal can it be seen in

<p>What is this finding? Is is normal? Which animal can it be seen in</p>
57
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"string of pearls" which indicates motility. Seen more often in cats but can be seen in dogs

What is this finding? Is it normal?

<p>What is this finding? Is it normal?</p>
58
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traumatic diaphragmatic rupture

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
59
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foreign body

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
60
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linear foreign body

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
61
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failure of intestinal contents to move through the GI tract

What is ileus?

62
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lumen obstructed, any combination of opacities, segmental dilation (unless distal SI obstruction)

What do you usually see with a mechanical ileus?

63
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decreased motility (vascular or NM abnormalities of the GI wall), usually gas opaque, usually generalized dilation

What do you usually see with functional ileus?

64
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small intestinal functional ileus

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
65
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small intestinal mechanical obstruction. Looking for sentinel bowel sign, two different populations of loops

What abnormality is seen here? And what specific signs are you looking for?

<p>What abnormality is seen here? And what specific signs are you looking for?</p>
66
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serosa-serosa

When you measure the SI diameter are you measuring the lumen or serosa-serosa?

67
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normal:

For a dog, what are the normal, "may be obstructed," and obstructed widths of the SI?

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>1.6x the height of the cranial endplate of L5 or >12mm

What are abnormal SI measurements for cats?

69
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to differentiate SI from colon, assessment of colonic strictures or colonic masses

What would you use a pneumocolonogram for?

70
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pneumocolonogram

What is being done here?

<p>What is being done here?</p>
71
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small intestinal obstruction

hair-pin turn and plication

What abnormality is seen here? And what specific signs are you seeing?

<p>What abnormality is seen here? And what specific signs are you seeing?</p>
72
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stacking

What SI obstruction sign is seen here?

<p>What SI obstruction sign is seen here?</p>
73
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plication, coma shaped gas/geometric shapes

What small intestinal obstruction sign is seen here?

<p>What small intestinal obstruction sign is seen here?</p>
74
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small intestinal obstruction

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
75
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small intestinal foreign body: sock

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
76
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small intestinal foreign body: corn cob

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
77
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small intestinal foreign body: rock

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
78
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mechanical obstruction - foreign body

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
79
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mechanical obstruction - linear foreign body

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
80
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mechanical obstruction - intussusception

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
81
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mechanical obstruction - mesenteric volvulus

-see generalized severe small intestinal dilation

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
82
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mechanical obstruction - incarceration of loops (herniation of loops through hernia)

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
83
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Gravel sign.

-radiopaque material

-proximal to the site of chronic obstruction

-abnormally dilated small intestinal tract

What is a sign associated with chronic small intestinal mechanical obstructions? And what are some of its features?

84
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gravel sign

What sign of an abnormality is seen here?

<p>What sign of an abnormality is seen here?</p>
85
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obstructed. segmental dilation (patient was also vomiting)

Obstructed or not?

<p>Obstructed or not?</p>
86
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-foreign material/body

-intussusception

-torsion/volvulus

-incarceration of SI loop (hernias, mesenteric rents, gastropexy site, etc)

-SI masses (neoplasia, granuloma, abscess, etc.)

What are some possible causes of small intestinal obstruction?

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mass effect, associated with small intestine on all projections, irregular gas pattern, +/- evidence of obstruction (dilation, gravel sign)

What are some radiographic findings associated with small intestinal masses?

88
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cat small intestinal mass: round cell neoplasia

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
89
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dog small intestinal mass

usually adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, smooth muscle tumors

What abnormality is seen here?

<p>What abnormality is seen here?</p>
90
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variable, storage organ

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Size

91
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tubular, "?" or "shepherds crook" shape

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Shape

92
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1: divisions of cecum, ascending/transverse/descending colon and rectum

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Number

93
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soft tissue and gas, formed feces: mixed granular soft tissue and gas opacity

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Opacity

94
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variable

ascending: short, right of midline

transverse: caudal to stomach

descending: left abdomen

cecum (dogs): often gas filled "C-shaped" in mid right abdomen

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Location

95
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smooth serosal and mucosal margins

Normal Roentgen Signs Large Intestine: Margination

96
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assessment of colonic strictures and colonic wall/mucosa

What are some indications for a barium enema?

<p>What are some indications for a barium enema?</p>
97
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rectal neoplasia

What abnormality is seen here? (with contrast from barium enema)

<p>What abnormality is seen here? (with contrast from barium enema)</p>
98
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assessment of colonic wall, colonic mucosa

What are indications for a double contrast colonogram?

99
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infrequent or difficult defecation associated with the retention of feces

What is the definition of constipation?

100
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constipation that is refractory to treatment, which occurs where there is a permanent loss of function

What is the definition of obstipation?