APEX AP Stats 3.6.6 Quiz Simpson: Paradox and Confounding Study Guide

What do strong associations between variables tell us in a two-way table?

there may be a causal relationship between them

What are confounding variables?

Hidden variables that may affect the results of an experiment/study.

What happens if we don't measure both the independent variable and the confounding variable?

The dependent variable will be confounded or confused by the unmeasured variable.

What is a common response in the context of confounding variables?

A shared response caused by a confounding variable affecting both the independent and dependent variables.

What does the term 'spurious' refer to in experimental results?

Results deemed false or invalid due to the occurrence of a common response.

What is Simpson's Paradox?

The phenomenon where a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

What are the steps in aggregating data for analysis?

1. Add the rows together under their categories and calculate rates based on total observations. 2. take one part of the row and divide it by the total number of observations in that same row

How can the presence of confounding variables affect research conclusions?

They can lead to incorrect conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.