AP PSYCH unit 2 up until biases that effect decision making

dialed

Perception

sensations are processed in the brain

Bottom-up processing

starts with sensory input, slow, no previous experience

Top-down processing

starts with previous experiences, fast, expectation driven

Inattentional blindness

not seeing visual objects when our attention is elsewhere—> not seeing gorilla

Signal detection theory

ability to detect a stimulus among distracting noise, influenced by expectations, biases, motivation,, TESTS measure ability to differentiate informational patterns from random patterns

Change blindness

not noticing changes in two similar scenes—>spongebob, form of inattentional blindnes

selective attention

focusing on particular stimuli, ignoring distractions

cocktail party effect

ability to focus on one single conversation among party or noisy place—>however, name is processed from other convos

binocular cues

the factors that give our eyes depth (disparity)

binocular disparity

each eye giving us slightly different picture which creates depth

monocular cues

cues that imply depth by only one eye

examples of monocular cues

interposition, relative size, linear perspective

Gestalt psychology

concept—>looks at human mind and behavior as a WHOLE, greater than its sum of parts, illusions

gestalt examples

proximity, grouping, similarity, continuity, closure,

Perceptual (and color) constancies

perceiving objects as having constant shape, size, color, regardless of perspective, distance, lighting

perceptual adaptation

brains ability to adjust and recalibrate in response to changes in environment after long exposure to distorted stimuli

apparent motion/phi phenomenon

optical illusion where stationary objects viewed in quick changing photos look like they are moving

stroboscopic movement

illusion of movement created by still images in quick succession

autokinetic effect

illusion that a single still image is moving due to staring at fixed point of light causing eye fatigue

relative clarity

type of monocular cue that gives a close up object detail

visual cliff

experiment performed to test depth perception in babies

texture gradient

opposite of relative clarity, when things with less detail look farther away, monocular cue

cognition

all forms of knowing and awareness

metacognition

thinking about thinking/ understanding your thought process

natural concept

something we come to learn through experience/people have diff perceptions of

artificial concept

something we are taught/ everyone has same view on, ie. triangle

prototype

mental image of the best example of a catagory//can be personal like first dog

schema

concept or category for something, helps us understand the world and how to behave, hard to change, assimilation=fitting something into established schema, accommodation=changing or adding schemas for new info

role schema

norms and expectations for different roles in society ie. mother, student

event schema

norms and expectations around events and correct behavior to use ie. wedding

cognitive script

set of behaviors to use to navigate social situations ie. bday party script

trial and error

problem solving, takes long time

algorithm

problem solving, step by step procedure guaranteed to reach solution ie. ikea

heuristic

problem solving, simple strategy/mental shortcut, ie. retracing steps

mental set

(problem solving pitfalls) tendency to approach problem in one way that has worked in the past

functional fixedness/fixation

(problem solving pitfalls) inability to see problem from a new perspective

anchoring bias

(problem solving pitfalls) tendency to rely too heavily on first piece of information, judge everything else based on that ie. premium subscription

representativeness heuristic

(problem solving pitfalls) judging person or event based on stereotypes, not on actual probabilities

availability heuristic

(problem solving pitfalls) estimating likelihood of events based on how easy to remember, easy to remember=common, ie. plane crash

belief perseverance

despite opposing information, we tend to cling to our beliefs

framing

the way an issue is posed affects our judgement/opinion

insight

sudden realization about solution to a problem

intuition

fast, automatic, unreasoned thoughts or feelings

gamblers fallacy

the belief that something is more or less likely to happen based on past events ie. flipping heads 6 times in a row, thinking next one is tails

sunk cost fallacy

tendency to continue on endeavor we’ve put time and effort into despite costs outweighing benefits

memory

information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved

encoding

getting information INTO memory system

storage

RETAINING encoded memory over time

retrieval

getting information OUT of memory storage

automatic processing

system 1, happens without our awareness—>produces implicit memories

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and concious effort

state dependent memory

people remember more info when their physical/mental state are same at encoding and recall

flashbulb memories

clean, sustained memory of emotionally significant moment or event//stressful memories are hard to forget

retrieval failure

tip of the tongue phenomenon, can’t access memory but we know its there

Proactive interference

the disruptive effect of older learning on new learning (remembering old, forgetting new)

Retroactive interference

new learning disrupts the recall of old info (remember new, forget the old)

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanism to repress anxiety-arousing memories to not develop anxiety