Medical terms chapter 11

eyes and ears

blephar/o

eyelid

-cusis

hearing

irid/o

iris, colored part of eye

kerat/o

horny, hard, cornea

myring/o

tympanic membrane, eardrum

opthalm/o

eye, vision

-opia

vision condition

opt/o

eye, vision

ot/o

ear, hearing

phak/o

lens of eye

presby/o

old age

retin/o

retina, net

scler/o

sclera, white of eye, hard

trop/o

turn, change

tympan/o

tympanic membrane, eardrum

adnexa

the accessory or adjoining parts of an organ

amblyopia

dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight , especially in one eye without detectable disease of the eye

ametropia

any error of refraction in which images do not focuse properly on the retina

anisocoria

condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

astigmatism

conidition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

audiometry

the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity

cataract

the loss of transparency of the lens of the eye that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity

chalazion

a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction of a sebaceous gland

cochlear implant

an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portion of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused bya viral infection, allergy, or irritants

dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

diplopia

perception of two images of a single object

ectropion

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid

emmetropia

normal relationship between the refreactive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

entropion

the inversion of the edge of an eyelid

esotropia

strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes

exotropia

strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

fluorescein angiography

a photographic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following the intravenous injection of fluorescein dye as a contrast medium

glaucoma

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers

• open-angle: most common form of condition, trabecular meshwork slowly becomes blcked cuasing buildup of pressure.

  • symptoms are not noticed until optic nerve is damaged, but can be detected through eye exams

• closed-angle: opening between the cornea and iris narrows so fluid can not reach the trabecular meshwork, can cause increase and pressure that is painful, causes nausea, redness of eyes and blurred vision

hemianopia

blindness in one half of the visual field

hordeolum

a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland

hyperopia

a vision defect in which light rays focus behind the retina; farsightedness

infectious myringitis

contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum

iritis

inflammation of uvea primarily affecting structures in the front of the eye

labyrinthectomy

surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrith of the ear

laser iridotomy

procedure using a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye

laser trabeculoplasty

treatment of open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabescular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly

mastoidectomy

surgical removal of part of the mastoid process

mydriasis

dilation of the puil

myopia

a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; aka nearsightedness

myringotomy

small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes

nyctalopia

condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night

nystagmus

involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use

ophthalmoscopy

visual examination of the fundus of the eye with ophthalmoscope

optometrist

holds a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions, and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

otomycosis

fungal infection of the external auditory canal

otopyorrhea

the flow of pus from the ear

otorrhea

any discharge from the ear

otosclerosis

ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss

papilledema

swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic duct

periorbital edema

swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes

photophobia

excessive sensitivity to light and can be the result of migraines excessive wearing of contact lenses, drug use, or inflammation

pneumatic retinopexy

surgery in which a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the detached area in a retinal detachment while it heals

presbycusis

gradual sensorineural hearing loss that occurs as the body ages

presbyopia

condition of common changes in the eye that occur with aging

ptosis

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to muscle weakness or paralysis

radial keratotomy

surgical procedure to treat myopia

scleritis

inflammation of the sclera of the eye

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss that develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

stapedectomy

surgical removal of the stapes bone and the insertion of a prosthetic device that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear

strabismus

disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

tarsorrhaphy

partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids to prtect the eye when the lids are paralyzed and unable to close normally or to help corneal lesions heal

tinnitus

condition of ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears

tonometry

measurement of intraocular pressure

tympanometry

use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

vertigo

sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance often combined with nausea and vomiting

vitrectomy

the removal of the vitreous humor in the eye and its replacement with a saline solution

xerophthalmia

drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva

adnexa of the eyes

aka adnexa oculi; structures outside of the eyeball including: the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjuctiva, and lacrimal apparatus

orbit

eye socket; bony cavity of the skull that contains and prtects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

muscles of the eye

6 major eye muscles; arranged in 3 pairs

1. superior and inferior oblique muscles

2. superior and inferior rectus muscles

3. lateral and medial rectus muscles

oblique

describes an angle that is slanted but is not perpendicular or parallel

rectus

straight

binocular vision

occurs when the muscles of both eyes work together in coordination to make normal depth perception possible

depth perception

ability to see things in three dimensions

canthus

angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

cilia

small hairs making up the eyebrows and eyelashes

tarsus

framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape

conjunctiva

transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

lacrimal apparatus

consists of the structures that produce, store and remove tears

lacrimation

secretion of tears

lacrimal glands

which secrete lacrimal fluid, located on underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of each eye

lacrimal fluid

commonly known as tears; maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball

lacrimal canal

consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye; collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs; crying is overflowing of tears from the lacrimal canals

lacrimal sac

enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

lacrimal duct

passage way that drains excess tears into the nose

eyeball

1 inch sphere iwth only about one-sixth of its surface visible

optic

pertaining to the eye or sight

ocular

pertaining to the eye

extraocular

outside the yeball

intraocular

means within the eyeball

sclera

white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue; tough fibrous tissue forms the outer layer of the eye except for part covered by the cornea

choroid

opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye

retina

sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye