APUSH Period 1 (1491-1607)

What are the Three Sisters?

Three staple crops (corn, beans, and squash) favored by many native tribes in North America.

What is the significance of the name 'Three Sisters'?

The name references their interdependence: the cornstalks provided a structure for the beans to grow up, and the squash held moisture in the soil for all three.

What is the Great League of Peace?

A political confederation of five (later six) Iroquois tribes, which sought to coordinate collective action.

What is another name for the Great League of Peace?

Haudenosaunee.

When is the Great League of Peace believed to have formed?

Around 1450.

How did the Great League of Peace function?

Each tribe maintained its own political system and religious beliefs.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

Italian explorer and colonizer who stumbled across the Bahamas in October 1492.

What was Christopher Columbus trying to prove?

A westward sea route for East Asian trade existed.

Who was the first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba?

Christopher Columbus.

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

Italian explorer and cartographer who determined that the New World was a distinct continent from Asia.

When did Amerigo Vespucci make his trip along the South American coast?

1499-1502.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The transmission and interchange of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, human populations, and technologies between the New World and the Old World.

What were the consequences of the Columbian Exchange?

Greatly benefited Europe and Asia while simultaneously bringing catastrophe to American Indian populations and cultures.

Who was Jacques Cartier?

French explorer who cultivated a fur trade with American Indians.

What did Jacques Cartier dub the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and its surroundings?

The Country of Canadas, a term derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word for village/settlement.

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

French explorer known as 'The Father of New France' who founded Quebec in 1608.

What did Samuel de Champlain do?

Made the first accurate maps of what is modern-day Eastern Canada.

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?

An agreement signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 to divide Christopher Columbus's discoveries of the New World.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas establish?

The zone of Portuguese influence in what would become Brazil.

Spanish Requirement of 1513

Spain's divine right to conquer the New World

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who crossed the Isthmus of Panama

Juan Ponce de León

Spanish explorer who led the first European expedition to Florida

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the Earth

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

Conquistadores

Spanish and Portuguese soldiers and explorers who colonized Latin America

Encomienda

Legal system where conquistadores extracted tribute from American Indians

Repartimiento

System that replaced encomienda, granting freedom to American Indians

Who was Juan de Oñate?

Conquistador born in New Spain.

What did Juan de Oñate establish?

First permanent colonial settlement in the American Southwest.

What was Juan de Oñate infamous for?

The 1599 Acoma Massacre.

What happened during the Acoma Massacre?

Over 800 American Indians were killed.

What happened to Juan de Oñate after the Acoma Massacre?

Recalled to Spain and convicted for cruelty toward natives and colonists.

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

English polymath and important figure of the Elizabeathan era.

What permission did Queen Elizabeth I grant Sir Walter Raleigh?

Permission to explore and colonize the New World.

What did Sir Walter Raleigh found?

Roanoke, the first attempted English colony in the New World.

Why is Roanoke nicknamed 'the Lost Colony'?

Its inhabitants vanished for unknown reasons.

When was Roanoke founded?

1585.

What is the Virginia Company?

Collective name for two joint stock companies chartered in 1606.