Poul 3750 Final Exam

Which of the following statements concerning soybean meal are TRUE?

a) the primary ingredient for energy

b) it contains 3,373kcal/kg ME & 9% CP

c) it is low in lysine

d) it is high in methionine & cystine

e) is has high P-digestibility

f) none of the above

f) none of the above

True or false: Proteins are the major source of energy for body metabolism

false

Which of the following is not traditionally considered a component of the Proximate Analysis

a) The amount of material extracted from an ingredient by an organic solvent, like hexane or ether

b) the amount of heat released by an ingredient when it is burned in an oxygen environment

c) the inorganic content of the feed as determined by subjecting samples to extreme heat in a muffle furnace

d) a measure of the total amount of indigestible organic present in the sample, generally composed of non-starch polysaccharides and lignin

e) the difference in weight between a sample that has been dried in an oven (105 C) versus its, original, as received, weight.

b) the amount of heat released by an ingredient when it is burned in an oxygen environment

Which of the following statements concerning lipids is not true?

a) substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances (ether or hexane)

b) biilayer cell membrane

c) body metabolism

d) store of energy

e) animals cannot synthesize it. It must be provided via the diet.

e) Animals cannot synthesize it. It must be provided via the diet.

Which one of the statements concerning carbohydrates is not true?

a) energy storage or body energy (nutritional)

b) osmotic pressure regulation

c) plant and bacterial cell walls (structural)

d) cell-cell communication (informational)

e) the major component of muscle

e) the major component of muscle

Which of the following statements concerning triglycerides is true?

a) Saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point (solid at room temp)

b) A higher proportion of fatty acids with longer chain lengths will decrease the melting point

c) a higher proportion of fatty acids will lead to a triglyceride that is more prone to oxidation

d) Short-chain fatty acids have higher boiling points

a) Saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point (solid at room temp)

True or False: water restriction reduces feed intake and growth performance

True

True or False: if room temperature is higher, animals drink less water

false

True or False: The major anti-nutrition factor in peanut meal is aflatoxin

true

true or false: Maltase hydrolyzes maltose into glucose and galactose

false

true or false: Milo (sorghum) is a good protein ingredient

false

true or false: soybean is low in methionine

true

True or False: Sunflower meal is high in methionine

true

True or False: Feather meal contains high protein and TSAA, but poor digestible amino acids

true

True or False: Bile is produced in the liver and function in fat digestion

true

true or false: Jejunum absorbs the most nutrients among three compartments of the small intestine

true

True or False: Proteins contain, on average, about 16% nitrogen

true

True or False: Amino acids are building blocks of proteins

true

True or False: Non-starch polysaccharides increase gut viscosity and reduce nutrient digestibility

true

True or False: Pepsin is an enzyme that is produced from pancreas and digests protein in the small intestine

false

True or False: Limestone is a good source for Ca & P. It contains 38% Ca and 24% P

false

True or False: The percentage of crude protein + the percentage of crude fat + the percentage of crude fiber + the percentage of ash + the percentage of nitrogen free extract should equal the percentage of dry matter in the feed

true

True or False: The largest portion of animal products (milk, egg, and meat) is protein

false

true or false: Methionine can be converted into cystine

true

True or False: Two major forms of carbohydrates for energy in animal tissues (liver and muscle) are glucose and glycogen

true

true or false: beta-glucan, cellulose, and hemi-cellulose are typical non-starch polysaccharides in grains

true

identify 2 monosaccharides

glucose and fructose

identify 2 disaccharides

lactose and sucrose

Identify 2 essential fatty acids

linolic acid and linoelic acid

identify 2 amino acids

methonine and lysine

identify 2 grains for energy

corn and sorghum

identify 2 grains for proteins

canola oil and soybean meal

Identify the antinutritive factor for soybean meal

trypsin inhibitor

Identify the antinutritive factor for sunflower meal

Fiber

Identify the antinutritive factor for rapeseed

glucosinolates or erucic acid

Identify the antinutritive factor for Milo

tannin

Identify the 2 monosaccharides that make up lactose

glucose and galactose

identify the 2 monosaccharides that make up sucrose

glucose and fructose

What is NFE (nitrogen-free extract)?

Carbohydrates

Calculate NFE% based on the given composition data:

11% moisture

9% crude protein

2% crude fiber

4% ether extract

1% ash

100-11-9-2-4-1= 73%

Is this ingredient good for protein or energy?

29.7% NFE

50.9% crude protein

0.8% ether extract

2.8% crude fiber

5.6% ash

10% moisture

protein

Is this ingredient good for protein or energy?

71% NFE

10.3% crude protein

2.6% ether extract

2.1% crude fiber

1.2% ash

12% moisture

Energy

Is this ingredient good for protein or energy? Do you think that this ingredient contains highly digestible ingredients or not? why?

24.9% NFE

46.3% crude protein

2.9% ether extract

11.3% crude fiber

7.5% ash

7% moisture

Good for protein, but high in fiber, so digestibility is low. The ingredient is sunflower and/or canola meal.

A poultry farm used to make their broiler diets with corn and soybean meal, but now the corn price is extremely high. Which of the following would best replace corn: corn gluten meal, wheat, sunflower meal, canola meal

Wheat

They made the broiler diet with soybean meal and the grain that you chose. However, the broiler growth performance was not as good as it was when they fed broilers with corn and soybean meal diet. Why did it happen?

the viscosicty of the fecals were very wet because the high fiber content in wheat binds to calcium causing the bird to not get as much nutrients

They made the broiler diet with soybean meal and the grain that you chose. However, the broiler growth performance was not as good as it was when they fed broilers with a corn and soybean meal diet. What is the remedy for it?

Adding an NSP enzyme

Beef meat and milk contain high levels of saturated fatty acids. Even if we provide diets containing high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, it is challenging to increase the unsaturated fatty acid content in beef and milk. Why?

Microbes hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids during digestion due to toxicity to the microbes. This results in more saturated fats being present and a reduced absorption of unsaturated fatty acids.

What are three volatile fatty acids important for ruminant nutrition and metabolism?

Buteryic Acid, Acetic Acid, and Propionic Acid

Which VFA is important for gluconeogenesis in ruminants?

Propanoic acid

Which is the only essential fatty acid for which a dietary requirement has been demonstarted?

Linoelic

What is the requirement level for linoelic acid in the diet?

1%

Why is the availability (%) of P in grains very low?

Phytates

Name the carbohydrate digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas

amalyse

Name the lipid digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas

lipase

Name the protein digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

What is the major component of cellulose?

Glucose is the major component of cellulose.

What makes cellulose different from starch?

Celluloe is linked with B-1,4 linkages while starch is linked with a-1,4 linkages.

The stomach and pancrease produce protein digesting enzymes in order to break down protein into peptides or free amino acids. But these enzymes do not digest own tissues, why (two reasons)?

Mucosal lining and enzymes are released in small quantities as zymogens to prevent self-digestion.

Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats. Why do they have higher taurine?

Cats cannot turn methionine into taurine so it needs to be supplemented

Which one of the following statements concerning protein and amino acids is not true?

A) Amino acid requirement needs to be increased when dietary protein level increases.

B) Amino acids present above the requirements can increase fat gain and nitrogen excretion.

C) Caesin is an intact protein in milk.

D) Arginine requirements for poultry are lower than ones for swine because poultry does not have a urea cycle.

D) Arginine requirements for poultry are lower than ones for swine because poultry does not have a urea cycle.

Which of the following statements concerning energy is not true?

A) The major energy system in poultry is NE.

B) Digestible energy (DE) = gross energy in feed - fecal energy

C) ME (Metabolizable Energy) = DE - urinary energy

D) Net energy consists of net energies for production, heat loss, and maintence

E) Net energy = DE - urinary energy - heat increment

A) The major energy system in poultry is NE.

Which of the following statements concerning energy sources is not true?

A) Palm oil and coconut oil have high saturated fats.

B) Tallow contains higher content of stearic acid and palmitic acids.

C) Marine oils contain higher unsaturated fatty acids.

D) Fats have a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids

E) Vegetable oils have higher saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids.

E) Vegetable oils have higher saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids.

Which of the following statements concerning the ME, CP, amino acid as a nutrient is not true?

A) CP level should be decreased in the diets when ME level in diet increases.

B) Individual amino acid levels should be increased in the diets when CP level in diet increaes.

C) Digestible AA based feed formulation is more accurate than Total AA based feed formulation.

D) Digestible AA based feed formulation can reduced N excretion and ammonia emissions.

E) Broilers need lower CP and amino acids in the diets during the finisher period compared to the starter period.

A) CP level should be decreased in the diets when ME level in diet increases.

What is not a key function of myostatin in muscle growth?

DNA synthesis

What percentage of the immune system resides in the gastrointestinal tract

70%

True or false: Canola meal contributes more heat production in animal compared to wheat

False

T or F: Animal eats feed for energy first

True

T or F: High fat diet contributes higher difference between ME and NE

false

t or f: Corn DDGS contains higher crude protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate T compared to corn grain.

false

t or f: Two methods for measuring heat production are direct and indirect calorimetry.

true

true or false: Metabolizable energy minus the total heat production equals net energy

F

t or f: AME values are significantly affected by feed intake

true

t or f: AMEn will be higher than AME when N input is higher than N output (Positive N balance)

false

t or f: microbes help one another grow

true

true or false: plants have microbial and anti-inflammatory properities

true

identify 2 engogenous components excreted from animal

enzymes and intestinal waste

identify two indigestiable markers for digestibility measurements

(OAA) chromium oxide and titanium oxide

what are three important values we need to make a least-cost feed formulation

1) Nutrition requirement

2) Nutrient composition

3) Cost of ingredients

what are two sources of fatty acids for fat formation in poultry

Synthesis in the liver and dietary fatty acids

DDGS is a potential economic feed ingredient. However, there are several issues with using DDGS for animal feed. What are three concerns?

1. increased fiber, which lowers digestibility

2. mycotoxins

3. nutrient variability

Why are there differences in GE values of feedstuffs?

Different feedstuffs have different compositions of macronutrients, for example carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins.

Explain why AME can be undervalued compared to TME when feed intake is very low.

TME measures all endogenous loss, including intestinal cells, etc AME only measures loss of feed stuff. When feed intake is low, and TME is not measured, endogenous losses are not accounted for, resulting in an undervalued AME.

What is the major concern for measuring fecal amino acid digestibility and how can we avoid it?

Proteins produced by microbial activity contribute to fecal amino acid content and, as a result impacts the digestibility value. Illeal digesta can be collected to avoid this.

Net energy (NE) to digestible energy (DE) ratio in soybean meal is significantly lower than one in corn. Explain why?

SBM has higher protein and the digestion of protein releases more heat than carbohydrates. Corn is high in carbohydrates and low in protein, so less heat is released.

The following summarizes a research study designed to determine the lysine requirement of a broiler chicken at 4 weeks of age:

- 672 chickens were used in total

- 12 birds per pen

- 8 pens per level of lysine tested

- 7 lysine levels tested (%): 0.45, 0.6, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.20, & 1.35%

The indispensable amino acid alanine was used to keep the level of nitrogen constant in every diet (ie: the crude protein was kept constant at 20% for all diets)

Name methods for measuring Lysine requirements

Series 1: muscle measurement

Series 2: urea/uric acid measurement

Series 3: Lysine in plasma

Describe the biological basis for the shape of each curve in the chart for lysine measurement (attached image)

- As move lysine is added, the amount of muscle can increase since Lysine is the limiting AA plateaus once lysine requirement is met & muscle stops growing

-Fewer AAs go to waste since now the muscle can grow with the added lysine. Waste levels plateaus once lysine requirement is met and in excess

3. All the lysine needed for the muscle is fulfilled, so lysine now goes into the plasma if AA are in excess

Which of the following statements concerning vitamins is not true

VitK and VitD3 are equally bioavaiable for chicken but not for mammals

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements concerning minerals is not true?

Fe is a cofactor of tyrosinase which converts tyrosinase to melanin for pigmentation

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements concerning minerals is not true:

A typical symptom of Zn deficiency in chicken is Exudative Diathesis

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements concerning minerals is not true (Extra point):

VitB1 deficiency causes 'Crazy chicken disease'

3 multiple choice options

which of the following statments concerning minerals is not true

Riboflavin is a central component of cofactors NAD & NADP

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements concerning water soluble vitamins is not true?

Grains contain high levels of Folate

3 multiple choice options

True or false: Net effect of Calcitriol is increasing serum Ca and P

true

1 multiple choice option

true or false: Cu deficiency cause depigmentation, anemia, and aortic rupture

True

1 multiple choice option

true or false: Pis an important mineral for membrane structure and body energy

true

1 multiple choice option

true or false: Mg absorption in the intestine is independent of Vitamin D action

true

1 multiple choice option

true or false: VitA is necessary for converting opsin to Rhodopsin for night vision

true

1 multiple choice option

true or false: Se can be functionally replaced by VitE

true

1 multiple choice option

true to false: Vitamin D activity is high in dead cells (sun-cured forage and dry hay)

true

1 multiple choice option

true or false: Net effect of PTH is increasing serum Ca and decreasing P

true

1 multiple choice option