Chapter 12 Community Health

what is considered destructive behavior in most cultures?

chronic alcohol and other drug abuse or dependence

what is the main reason for deaths

illnesses

what is America's most expensive community health problem?

abuse of alcohol and other drugs

what kind of violence are associated with alcohol and other drugs?

rapes

psychological/physical dependence

physiological state in which discontinued drugs use results in clinical illness

what are affects of drug abusers?

• greater health care needs
• suffer more injuries
• less productive
• more violent
• interact in criminal activities

what are the drugs mostly abuse?

alcohol and tobacco

binge drinking

five or more drinks in a row

drug

a substance other than food that when taken in small quantities alters one's physical

psychoactive drug

drugs that alter sensory perception

drug use

non-evaluative term referring to drug taking behavior in general

any drug taking behavior

drug misuse

inappropriate use of prescription or nonprescription drugs

drug abuse

taking a prescription or nonprescription drug for a purpose other than that for which it is medically approved

examples of drug abuse

• taking a prescription diet pill for its mood altering effects
• illicit drugs always considered drug abuse
• alcohol and nicotine considered drug abuse only when under legal age

drug (chemical) dependence

a psychological and sometimes physical state characterized by a craving for a drug

psychological dependence

a psychological state characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue use of a drug

what is an inherited risk factors that contribute to alcohol

tobacco

what are environmental risk factors that contribute to alcohol

tobacco

legal drugs

drugs that can be legally bought and sold in the market place

examples of legal drugs

alcohol

what is the #1 problem drug in America?

alcohol

problem drinkers

one for whom alcohol consumption results in a medical

alcoholism

a disease characterized by impaired control over drinking

what are two ways alcohol use is reinforcing?

it lowers anxiety and produces a mild euphoria

blood alcohol concentration

percentage of concentration of alcohol in the blood

what BAC is considered DUI?

0.08% for legal age of drinking

who signed a bill that made 0.08% BAC the national standard?

Clinton in 2000

nicotine

psychoactive and addictive drug present in tobacco products

Synar Amendment

a federal law that requires states to set the minimum legal age for purchasing tobacco products at 18 years and requires states to enforce this law

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

signed by Obama in 2009 giving the FDA the power to regulate the tobacco industry

environmental tobacco smoke

tobacco smoke in the ambient air

what's a risk of environmental tobacco smoke?

increased risk for cardiac and respiratory illnesses

what's another name for environmental tobacco smoke?

secondhand smoke

over the counter drugs

drugs (except alcohol and tobacco) that can be legally purchased without a physicians prescription

what are the purpose of OTC drugs?

for self-diagnose and self-medicate for own illnesses but only provide symptomatic relief and do not provide a cure

Food and Drug Adminstration

a federal agency in the Dept. of HHS charged with ensuring the safety of all prescription and nonprescription drugs

prescription drugs

only prescribed by a physician (or dentist) with a written presctiption

what do prescription drugs have a greater chance of?

developing dependency to drug or taking an unintentional overdose

controlled substances

drugs regulated by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Control Act of 1970

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

regulates illegal drugs and legal drugs that have a high potential for abuse

what's another name for Controlled Substances Act of 1970?

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Control Act of 1970

schedule I drugs

• high potential for abuse
• has no accepted medical uses

schedules II-V

• have medical uses
• scheduled based on potential for risk of dependence or abuse

illicit (illegal) drug

drugs that cannot be legally manufactured

Drug Enforcement Agency

federal government's lead agency with the primary responsible for enforcing the nation's drug laws

marijuana

most abused illicit drug in the U.S. coming from dried parts of the hemp plant (Cannabis stiva)

what are ways marijuana can be used?

smoking and ingestion

polydrug use

the use of more than one drug at a time

what are the acute effects of marijuana?

reduced concentration

what are the chronic effects of marijuana?

damage to the respiratory system (if smoked) and amotivational syndrome

amotivational syndrome

a pattern of behavior characterized by apathy

poppy plant (Papaver somniferum)

where opium and its derivatives

narcotics

numb the senses and reduce pain

what is the most abused narcotics?

heroin

heroin

the most abused narcotics derivating from morphine

where do opium poppies come from?

arrive from Southwest Asia

what is the leading cause of narcotic-induced overdose death drug?

synthetic opioid (methadone)

tolerance

physiological and enzymatic adjustments that occur in response to the chronic presence of drugs

cocaine

psychoactive ingredient in the leaves of the coca plant (Erythoxolyn coca) which

where does cocaine grow?

Andes Mountains of South America

stimulants

increases the activity of the central nervous system

hallucinogens

drugs that produce illusions

synesthesia

impairment of mind characterized by a sensation that senses are mixed

how are hallucinogens derived?

naturally and synthetic

is hallucinogens associated with physical dependence or tolerance?

no physical dependence but tolerance does occur

what do stimulants release high levels of?

neurotransmitter dopamine which stimulates brain cells causing tolerance

amphetamines

a group of schedule II synthetic drugs that act as stimulants

methaphetamine

amphetamine most widely abused drug

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

abused schedule II drug used to treat ADHD

barbiturates

depressant drugs based on the structure of barbituric acid

benzodiazapines

non-barbiturate depressant drugs

methaqualone

illicit depressant drug

depressants

drug that slow down the central nervous system activity

what do depressants do?

lower anxiety and loss of inhibition

club drugs

a general term for those illicit drugs

what is the most common club drug?

Ecstasy (MDM)

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

an illegal depressant in the benzodiazapines group that has achieved notoriety as date-rape drug

designer drugs

illegal drugs synthesized by amateur chemists in secret labs with similarity to known controlled substances

anabolic drugs

compounds

what are examples of anabolic drugs?

anabolic/androgenic steroids

how are anabolic drugs used?

rebuilding muscles after starvation or disease and the treatment of dwarfism

how are anabolic drugs abused?

abused by athletes and body builders as a shortcut to increasing muscle mass

what is the schedule for anabolic drugs?

schedule III

inhalants

collection of psychoactive

what are examples of inhalants?

paint solvents

why do young people do inhalants?

they have an easy availability and are low cost

primary prevention of drug abuse

aimed at those who have never used drugs

what are examples of primary prevention of drug abuse?

• raising the price of alcohol
• increasing cigarette taxes
• arresting a neighborhood drug pusher
• destroying cocaine crop in Bolivia

secondary prevention of drug abuse

aimed at those who have used but are not chronic abusers and have not suffered significant physical or mental impairments

what are examples of secondary prevention of drug abuse?

drug education programs designed for high school or college students of age

tertiary prevention of drug abuse

aimed at drug abuse treatment and aftercare

what are examples of tertiary prevention of drug abuse?

usually designed for adults (such as rehab)

what are the 4 elements of prevention of drug abuse?

education

what is the purpose of drug abuse education?

• providing information about drugs and the dangers of drug abuse
• changing attitudes and beliefs about drugs
• providing the skills necessary to abstain from drugs
• ultimately changing drug abuse behavior

what is the goal of treatment?

remove the physical

aftercare

the continuing care provided the recovering former drug abuser

public policy

the guiding principles and courses of action pursued by governments to solve practical problems affecting society

law enforcement

the application of federal

what are the primary roles of law enforcement?

1. control drug use
2. to control crime (especially crime related to drug use and trafficking)
3. to prevent the establishment of crime organizations
4. to protect neighborhoods