PNB Quiz Prep - Axial & Appendicular Musculoskeleton

What are fibrous joints?

suture, syndesomis, and gomphosis

What are cartilaginous joints?

synchondrosis and symphysis

What are synovial joints?

uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, nonaxial 

What is the axial skeleton?

head and vertebral column 

What is the vertebral column?

includes ribs and sternum (thoracic cage)

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

demonstrated when yawning

What are the temperomandiublar (jaw) articulations?

temporal (mandibular fossa) and mandible (mandiublar condyles)

What is the movement of the temperomandibular  jaw?

combined hinge and gliding (includes a cushioning disk) 

What are the muscles of the temperomandibular jaw?

digastric, temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid

What is the digastric?

opens jaw

What is the temporalis?

closes jaw

What is the masseter?

closes jaw 

What is the pterygoid?

deep to masseter, depression/elevation of mandible, lateral excursion and protrusion

When does lateral excursion occur?

produces when isolated contractions of both pterygoids occur on just one side

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

support weight (head, trunk), protect spinal cord 

What are the total bones of the vertebral column?

26 bones

How many cervical bones are there?

7 bones

How many thoracic bones are there?

12 bones

How many lumbar bones are there?

5 bones 

How many sacrum bones are there?

5 fused bones

How many coccyx bones are there?

4 fused bones

What re the movements of the vertebral column?

flexion/extension, lateral flexion, circumduction, rotation

What are vertebral bodies?

articulate via slightly-movable symphysis joints

What are intervertebral disks?

made of fibrocartilage, connect the vertebral bodies

What are articular facets?

articulate via slightly movable gliding joints 

What is allowed at each intevertebral joint?

slight movement allows for flexibility

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disk?

outer annulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus

What is the outer annulus fibrosus?

concentric layers of collagen fibers that provide the disc with strength, stability, and a protective barrier against the nucleus pulposus leaking out

What is the inner nucleus pulposus?

soft, elastic, gelatinous material, allows disc to absorb shock 

What is an intervertebral disk problem?

slipped (herniated) disc

What is a slipped (herniated) disc?

tear in annulus fibrosus allows protrusion of nucleus pulposis

What is the result of a slipped (herniated) disc?

presses on spinal nerve, painful

What is the Atlanto-axial joint?

“special” (atypical) vertebrae, composed of the C1 and C2 

What is C1?

first cervical vertebra, “atlas”, supports the “globe” of the skull

What does the C1 not have?

no body

What is C2?

second cervical vertebra, “axis” 

What is special about C2?

body with tooth-like projection (dens) 

What kind of joint is the Atlanto-axial joint?

pivot joint

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

C1 (atlas) superior facets articulate with occipital condyles

What is a double-condyloid joint?

allows for extended range of motion for flexion/extension of head on the neck

What is the movement of a double-condyloid joint?

“yes” movement, up and down

What is the sternocleidomastoid movement?

obliques skull (tilt same side; turn opposite side) 

What is the rectus abdominus?

flexes the vertebral column

What is the erector spinae?

extends vertebral column, allows us to stand up right when contracted

What are the bones of the thorax?

sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra

What is the first function of the thorax?

protection of heart and lungs 

What is the second function of the thorax?

role of gliding movements in ventilation (breathing)

What is the first joint/rib of the costovertebral joint?

head of rib with vertebral body

What is the second joint/rib of the costovertebral joint?

tubercle of rib with transverse process

What kind of joint is the costovertebral joint?

gliding joints, produce slight movement that allows ventilation 

What are postural curves?

primary and secondary curves

What are primary curves?

convex posterior/backward

What parts of the vertebral column associate with primary curves?

thoracic and sacral

What parts of the vertebral column associate with secondary curves?

cervical and lumbar 

What are the primary curves of newborn’s?

infant has “C-shaped” spine

What does the “C-shaped” spine of a newborn reflect?

developmental stage of evolutionary history

What is the “suspension bridge”

spine in quadrupeds

What curves are present at birth?

primary curves (thoracic & sacral)

What curves develop after birth?

secondary curves (cervical & lumbar)

When are cervical curves present?

as baby gains head control 

When are lumbar curves present?

when infant learns to sit/stand

What is the purpose of postural curves?

“balance” the upright spine

What is required for upright position?

little muscular energy (contraction), because of the four curvatures

What are abnormal postural curves?

kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis 

What is kyphosis?

exaggerated throacic curve

When is kyphosis present?

common in elderly women with osteoporosis

What is lordosis?

exaggerated lumbar curve 

When is lordosis present?

common in pregnancy 

What is scoliosis?

lateral curvature, C- or S-shaped

What can cause scoliosis?

wearing backpacks on single arm

What do very mobile joints need?

extra soft tissue structures to help stabilize the joint

What is an agonist/prime mover?

directly performs the desired movement

What is an antagonist?

opposes the movement; performs opposite action 

What is a synergist?

“helper”, recruited to assist for extra strength, or to stabilize joint and allow movement

What is the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?

connects upper extremity to axial skeleton

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?

clavicle, manubrium sternum, and scapula 

What are the articulations of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?

sternoclaviular and acromioclavicular 

What is the sternoclavicular articulation?

manubrium - clavicle

What is the acromioclavicular?

clavicle, acromion of scapula 

What kinds of joints are the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular articulations?

gliding joints

What is the scapular muscle?

Trapezius

What are the actions of the trapezius?

elevates, retracts, and depresses

What is the glenohumeral joint?

shoulder joint; most freely movable joint

What are the bones of the glenohumeral joint?

scapula (glenoid fossa) and humerus (humeral head)

What are the shoulder bones?

scapula and humerus 

What is the scapula?

glenoid fossa, very shallow

What is the humerus?

humeral head, only a partial sphere

What kind of joint is the shoulder and hip joint?

synovial triaxial ball-and-socket 

What are the movements of the shoulder and hip joint?

flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, and rotation (lateral/medial) 

What is the deltoid muscle?

shoulder muscle

What is the movement of the deltoid muscle?

abducts, flexes and extends shoulder

What is the latissimus dorsi?

back muscle 

What is the movement of the latissiumus dorsi?

extends and adducts shoulder 

What is the supraspinatus?

muscle above the scapula

What is the movement of the supraspinatus?

abducts shoulder

What is infraspinatus?

muscle below the scapula 

What is the movement of the infraspinatus?

external rotation at the shoulder

What is the teres minor?

muscle below the infraspintatus

What is the movement of the infraspinatus?

external rotation at the shoulder 

What is the tricep?

muscle at the back of the arm