A type of learning in which one learns to link 2+ stimuli and anticipate events
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Learning
The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviours
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Associative learning
When a subject links certain events, behaviours, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning
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Natural response
The innate response of the subject (ex. the dog's natural response is to salivate at food)
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Neutral stimulus
The stimulus that initially elicits no response
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Conditioned stimulus
The neutral stimulus having been paired with the reward, now eliciting a response
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Conditioned response
Pairing the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus to represent and make a response out of the dog
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Operant conditioning
Associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Skinner box
A confined space containing a level or a button that an animal can reach or touch to get a reward
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Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards close and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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Positive reinforcement
A stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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Negative reinforcement
A stimulus that when removed after the response, strengthens the response
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Punishmnet
After a bad response is done, given to reduce the bad response
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Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need (ex. food)
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Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer
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Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
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Extinction
When a learning or behavior stops after the reinforcement is no longer there
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Cognition
Our thoughts, perspectives + expectations
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Latent learning
Learning subconsciously
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Cognitive maps
Mental representations of our surroundings
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Observational learning
Learning by observing others
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Mirror neurons
Fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so
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Modelling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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Natural response difference
It is incorrect to say that humans and pigeons learn the same way because their reaction to the experiment is different as to pigeons
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Developmental Psychology
The study of our physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout our whole lives
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Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experinece
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Assimilation
We interpret new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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Projection
Putting your own feelings onto others by attributing it to them
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Rationalization
Offering self justifying excuses instead of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons
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Displacement
Shifting aggresive impulses onto somebody else
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Denial
Refusing to believe
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Collective unconscious
A place where a group of shared images or archetypes that were universal to all humans responded which is why many cultures have similar myths and imagery
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Studied by 14 people
