psychology

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link 2+ stimuli and anticipate events

Learning

The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviours

Associative learning

When a subject links certain events, behaviours, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning

Natural response

The innate response of the subject (ex. the dog's natural response is to salivate at food)

Neutral stimulus

The stimulus that initially elicits no response

Conditioned stimulus

The neutral stimulus having been paired with the reward, now eliciting a response

Conditioned response

Pairing the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus to represent and make a response out of the dog

Operant conditioning

Associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Skinner box

A confined space containing a level or a button that an animal can reach or touch to get a reward

Shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards close and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Positive reinforcement

A stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Negative reinforcement

A stimulus that when removed after the response, strengthens the response

Punishmnet

After a bad response is done, given to reduce the bad response

Primary reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need (ex. food)

Conditioned reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer

Reinforcement schedule

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Extinction

When a learning or behavior stops after the reinforcement is no longer there

Cognition

Our thoughts, perspectives + expectations

Latent learning

Learning subconsciously

Cognitive maps

Mental representations of our surroundings

Observational learning

Learning by observing others

Mirror neurons

Fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so

Modelling

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Natural response difference

It is incorrect to say that humans and pigeons learn the same way because their reaction to the experiment is different as to pigeons

Developmental Psychology

The study of our physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout our whole lives

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experinece

Assimilation

We interpret new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Accommodation

Adjusting to new experiences

Four stage theory of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Henry Harlow

Monkey cloth and wire mother

Mary Ainsowrth

Separation anxiety, exploration, stranger anxiety, reuinion

3 attachment styles

Secure, insecure avoidant, Insecure ambivalent

Parenting styles

Permissive, Authoritarian, Authroitative

Klecksography

The art of making images out of ink blots

Freud parts of unconscious

Id, Ego, Superego

Regression

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated

Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Projection

Putting your own feelings onto others by attributing it to them

Rationalization

Offering self justifying excuses instead of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons

Displacement

Shifting aggresive impulses onto somebody else

Denial

Refusing to believe

Collective unconscious

A place where a group of shared images or archetypes that were universal to all humans responded which is why many cultures have similar myths and imagery

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Rogers 3 things to keep innate goodness

Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy