CLINICAL CHEMISTRY - Must to Know

10

Conversion factor: albumin

0.587

Conversion factor: ammonia

17.1

Conversion factor: bilirubin

0.357

Conversion factor: BUN

1.0

Conversion factor: chloride

0.026

Conversion factor: cholesterol

88.4

Conversion factor: creatinine

0.0555

Conversion factor: glucose

0.323

Conversion factor: phosphorus

1.0

Conversion factor: potassium

1.0

Conversion factor: sodium

12.9

Conversion factor: thyroxine

10

Conversion factor: total protein

0.0113

Conversion factor: triglyceride

0.0595

Conversion factor: uric acid

0.25

Conversion factor: calcium

0.0276

Conversion factor: cortisol

0.179

Conversion factor: iron

0.5

Conversion factor: magnesium

400-700 nm

Range of visible light

Azotemia

Elevated concentration of urea in the blood

Uremia

Very high plasma urea concentration accompanied by renal failure

Jaffe reaction

Basis of most methods used to determine creatinine

Fuller's earth

Aluminum magnesium silicate

Lloyd's reagent

Sodium aluminum silicate

Smoking

Significant source of ammonia contamination

Conjugated bilirubin

Contains one or two attached glucuronic acid molecules

Unconjugated bilirubin

Noncovalently attached to albumin

Delta bilirubin

Bilirubin fraction covalently attached to protein

Evelyn-Malloy

Dissociating agent: methanol

Jendrassik-Grof

Dissociating agent: caffeine-sodium benzoate

20 mg/dL

Level where the danger of kernicterus is certain

25 mg/dL

Level of bilirubin acting as interference to albumin, cholesterol, total protein

Prealbumin

Indicator of malnutrition

Apo A-I

Major structural protein in HDL

Apo B-100

Major structural protein in VLDL and LDL

Apo B-48

Primary structural protein in chylomicrons

Beta-VLDL

Accumulated in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

Lp(a)

Similar density to LDL but migrates similarly to VLDL

LpX

Abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with obstructive biliary disease

Lipemia

Occurs when TG exceeds 400 mg/dL

7 mg/dL/hr

Rate of glucose decrease at room temperature

2 mg/dL/hr

Rate of glucose decrease at 4 deg C

10-15%

Difference between whole blood glucose and plasma glucose

Nelson-Somogyi

Copper reduction method for glucose which measures arsenomolybdic acid

Folin-Wu

Copper reduction method which measures phosphomolybdic acid

Neocuproine

Copper reduction method which produces a yellow complex

Enolase

Enzyme inhibited by fluoride

Benedict's

Glucose method usually utilized for urine specimens

150 g for 3 days

Carbohydrate intake prior to OGTT

75 g

Glucose load for adults during OGTT

1.75 g/kg

Glucose load for children

5-15 min

Time it takes to finish glucose load

Chylomicrons

Cause non fasting lipemia

Ultracentrifugation

Reference method for lipoprotein analysis

Van Handel- Zilversmit

Chemical method for TG

Abell-Kendall

Chemical method for cholesterol

12 h

Fasting for TG

Beta-gamma bridging

Seen in liver cirrhosis

Monoclonal spike

Seen in Monoclonal gammopathy

Immunofixation

Method for detecting BJP

Kjeldahl

Reference method for protein

Biuret

Measures protein; depends on number of peptide bonds

Bromcresol purple

Most sensitive dye-binding method

Bromcresol green

Most commonly used dye-binding method

LD flip

LD pattern seen in MI

Wacker

Forward reaction for LD

Wrobleuski La Due

Reverse reaction for LD

Tanzer-Gilvarg

Forward reaction for CK

Oliver-Rosalki

Reverse reaction for CK

Myoglobin

1st protein marker to be increases in MI

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Highest increase in CK

Roy

Most specific method for ACP

Babson and Reed

Continuous monitoring method for ACP

Osteitis deformans

Highest elevation of ALP

Bowers-McComb

Reference method for ALP

Cherry-Crandall

Uses olive oil substrate for lipase

0.01-0.05

No obvious impairment

0.03-0.12

Mild euphoria

0.09-0.25

Decreased inhibitions

0.18-0.30

Mental confusion

0.27-0.40

Impaired consciousness

0.35-0.50

Coma and possible death

Arsenic

Odor of garlic

Cyanide

Odor of bitter almonds

Chromium

Increases effect of insulin

Retinol

Vitamin A

Thiamine

Vitamin B1

Riboflavin

Vitamin B2

Niacin

Vitamin B3

Panthotenic acid

Vitamin B5

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B6

Biotin

Vitamin B7

Pteroylglutamic acid

Vitamin B9

Cyanocobalamin

Vitamin B12

135-145 mEq/L

Sodium: reference range (serum)

98-107 mEq/L

Chloride: reference range (serum)

3.4-5.0 mEq/L

Potassium: reference range (serum)

8.6-10.0 mg/dL

Calcium: reference range (serum; total)

4.6-5.3 mg/dL

Calcium: reference range (calcium; ionized)